Crypto Glossary

The 88% Curse is a popular belief in cryptocurrency markets suggesting that when an asset's price retraces approximately 88% from its previous high, it typically forms a temporary bottom before potentially rebounding. This non-scientific market pattern observation has become a widely discussed market superstition among traders, representing a specific psychological focus on price retracement levels in the crypto community.

A 51% Attack is a security threat to blockchain networks where a single entity or coordinated group gains control of more than half of the network's mining power (in Proof of Work systems) or staked tokens (in Proof of Stake systems), enabling them to manipulate transaction confirmations, execute double-spending, or alter blockchain data. Also known as a "majority attack," it represents an inherent theoretical vulnerability in consensus mechanisms.

Accidental fork is an unplanned chain split event in a blockchain network triggered by software bugs, network delays, or node synchronization issues, distinct from planned hard forks and soft forks. It occurs when two miners discover valid blocks almost simultaneously or when nodes run incompatible software versions, causing the blockchain to temporarily split into multiple chains until automatically resolved through the longest chain rule.

An algorithmic stablecoin is a cryptocurrency that maintains price stability through automated code mechanisms rather than fiat currency collateralization, using smart contracts to dynamically adjust token supply or create market incentives to maintain its peg to a specific asset (typically the US dollar). These stablecoins can be categorized into three main types: elastic supply (adjusting circulation), seigniorage (system minting rewards), and partially-collateralized (combining algorithms with partial as

In blockchain and cryptocurrency contexts, autonomy refers to the ability of systems to self-govern and operate without central authority control. This capability is implemented through preset protocols, smart contracts, and consensus mechanisms that allow blockchain networks and decentralized applications to programmatically enforce rules, enabling transparent decision-making and power distribution. Autonomy is a fundamental characteristic of decentralized systems, most prominently exemplified in Decentral

Anti-Money Laundering (AML) refers to a set of regulations, procedures, and measures designed to prevent criminals from converting illegally obtained funds into apparently legitimate assets. In the cryptocurrency ecosystem, AML compliance requires Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs) to implement customer identification, transaction monitoring, and suspicious activity reporting mechanisms to meet international financial regulatory standards.

Ask Me Anything (AMA) is a communication format in cryptocurrency and blockchain projects where team members engage with their community through real-time question-and-answer sessions on social media platforms, allowing community members to directly address questions to founders, developers, or team representatives to enhance transparency and build trust.

An attack vector is a method or pathway used by hackers or malicious actors to penetrate and compromise computer systems or blockchain networks. In the cryptocurrency ecosystem, these vulnerabilities may exist across multiple layers including code, protocol design, network communications, or user interfaces, and are typically categorized into network layer attacks, smart contract vulnerabilities, social engineering attacks, and wallet/exchange security vulnerabilities.

Axie Infinity is a blockchain-based Play-to-Earn NFT game developed by Sky Mavis, where players collect, breed, battle, and trade digital pets called "Axies" as NFTs, while earning cryptocurrencies through gameplay in the form of AXS (Axie Infinity Shards) governance tokens and SLP (Smooth Love Potion) utility tokens.

Asset tokens are digital tokens on blockchain networks that represent ownership or rights to real-world tangible or intangible assets such as real estate, artwork, equity, or commodities. Created through asset tokenization, these tokens leverage blockchain technology to digitize, fractionalize and trade traditional assets, and are typically classified as a major form of security tokens.

Asymmetric cryptographic algorithms are cryptographic techniques that use a pair of keys (public and private) for encryption and decryption, where the public key can be openly shared for encryption or verification while the private key must remain secret for decryption or signing. The security of these algorithms relies on complex mathematical problems such as integer factorization or discrete logarithm problems, and they are primarily used in blockchain technology for digital signatures, identity verificat

An Airdrop is a marketing strategy in cryptocurrency where projects distribute tokens or NFTs to users for free, typically requiring recipients to complete specific tasks such as holding certain tokens, engaging in social media activities, or interacting with the project. This distribution mechanism aims to expand user base, build community, and create initial token liquidity while achieving broader token distribution.

Alpha is a financial metric that measures a portfolio's excess return relative to a specific benchmark, typically a market index. It quantifies an investment manager's active management skill by representing the value added through stock selection or market timing, rather than returns gained simply by following market movements. In the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), Alpha serves as the intercept term representing pure excess return after accounting for systematic market risk.

Anonymity refers to the feature in blockchain networks that allows users to conduct transactions or interactions without revealing their true identity. It differs from pseudonymity, which only obscures rather than completely hides identity. Anonymity can be classified by implementation technology into mixing-based anonymity (such as CoinJoin), zero-knowledge proof anonymity (such as zk-SNARKs), and ring signature anonymity (such as Ring Signature), representing core mechanisms for privacy protection in cryp

ATOM is the native cryptocurrency of the Cosmos network, serving as the core token of the "Internet of Blockchains" ecosystem, primarily used for network security, governance, transaction fee payment, and staking rewards. The Cosmos network enables interoperability and communication between different blockchains through its Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol.

A cryptocurrency address is a unique identifier on blockchain networks used for receiving and sending digital assets, generated by applying hash algorithms to a public key, typically appearing as a string of 26-35 alphanumeric characters. Different blockchain networks have their specific address formats, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum addresses each with their distinctive characteristics.

AI Security refers to the set of defensive measures and strategies designed to protect artificial intelligence systems and their data from malicious attacks, misuse, and manipulation. It encompasses multi-layered security mechanisms including data protection, model defense, system monitoring, and vulnerability assessment, aimed at ensuring the safety, privacy, and reliability of AI applications.

Allocations refer to the distribution methods for assets, tokens, or computational resources in cryptocurrency and blockchain projects, typically encompassing three main areas: project token distributions (percentages to team, investors, and community), weight distributions of different crypto assets within investment portfolios, and the distribution mechanisms for blockchain network resources (such as computing power and storage).

Annual Percentage Rate (APR) is an annualized percentage rate that represents investment returns or borrowing costs, calculated using simple interest without accounting for compounding effects. In cryptocurrency, APR is commonly used to measure annualized yields from staking, lending, and liquidity provision activities, helping users evaluate and compare investment benefits across different DeFi protocols.

Amalgamation refers to the strategic action in the blockchain and cryptocurrency industry where two or more independent entities (such as projects, protocols, companies, or foundations) combine their respective assets, technologies, teams, and communities through acquisition, merger, or integration. Amalgamations can be categorized as horizontal (integration of similar projects) or vertical (integration of projects with different functions), resulting in complete absorption, equal mergers, or the formation

Accrue refers to the process by which value, rewards, or interest gradually accumulate over time. In the cryptocurrency environment, it specifically denotes the calculation method and accounting mechanism by which token rewards, interest, or other forms of economic value grow over time according to specific rules (such as linear, exponential, or compound methods).

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) is a financial metric that represents the total rate of return an investment might earn over a year when accounting for the effect of compounding. In cryptocurrency, it's commonly used to express the expected return rate on DeFi products such as staking, lending platforms, or liquidity pools, with compounding effects already calculated, allowing investors to intuitively compare the earning potential across different protocols.

Smart contract audit is a professional security assessment process of blockchain code aimed at identifying potential vulnerabilities, logical flaws, and security risks. Conducted by specialized security teams, it includes static analysis, manual code review, and dynamic testing, culminating in a detailed report of vulnerabilities and remediation recommendations to ensure project security.

All-Time High (ATH) refers to the highest market price that a specific cryptocurrency or digital asset has ever reached throughout its entire trading history. This metric serves as a crucial benchmark for measuring market cycles, price potential, and investor sentiment, typically forming a key psychological resistance level in technical analysis.

Arbitrageurs are market participants in cryptocurrency markets who seek to profit from price discrepancies of the same asset across different trading platforms, assets, or time periods. They execute trades by buying at lower prices and selling at higher prices, thereby locking in risk-free profits while simultaneously contributing to market efficiency by helping eliminate price differences and enhancing liquidity across various trading venues.

A cryptocurrency address is a unique string derived from a public key through hash functions and cryptographic algorithms, used to securely receive and send digital assets on blockchain networks while protecting the user's private key from exposure. Different blockchain networks employ distinct address formats, such as Bitcoin addresses beginning with "1", "3", or "bc1", while Ethereum addresses start with "0x".

Alpha is a performance metric that measures an investment's excess return relative to a benchmark index, representing the additional value created through active management strategies. In cryptocurrency trading, it typically refers to the risk-adjusted excess returns generated compared to simply holding Bitcoin or the broader crypto market, reflecting a trader's unique skills and insights rather than general market movements (Beta).

Accrue refers to the process of gradual accumulation of assets, value, or entitlements over time in the blockchain and cryptocurrency ecosystem. This mechanism is typically executed automatically through smart contracts and is commonly found in token staking rewards, yield generation in decentralized finance (DeFi), and transaction fee accumulation, providing participants with a transparent and verifiable method of value accumulation.

Airdrops are a marketing strategy where cryptocurrency projects distribute tokens or digital assets to specific user groups for free, primarily aimed at rapidly expanding the project's user base and achieving initial token distribution.

Annual Percentage Rate (APR) is a standardized calculation method that converts short-term investment or borrowing yields into an annual baseline, enabling intuitive comparison of crypto asset yield products across different time periods and platforms. In cryptocurrency, APR is primarily applied to passive income mechanisms including staking, liquidity mining, lending platforms, and yield farming.

Accrued Definition refers to value, interest, rewards, or other assets that accumulate over time in blockchain networks but have not yet been settled or distributed. Originating from traditional financial accounting principles, this concept is applied to various yield accumulation mechanisms in cryptocurrency ecosystems, such as staking rewards, lending interest, and liquidity mining returns. These values are typically recorded and tracked within smart contracts until specific conditions trigger their actua

Algorand (ALGO) is a high-performance blockchain platform and its native cryptocurrency, created by Turing Award recipient Professor Silvio Micali, utilizing an innovative Pure Proof-of-Stake (PPoS) consensus mechanism designed to simultaneously achieve security, scalability, and decentralization—three blockchain characteristics traditionally considered difficult to reconcile.

Arbitrage is a financial strategy that involves buying and selling assets across different markets, exchanges, or products to profit from price discrepancies with minimal or no risk. In cryptocurrency markets, common forms include spatial arbitrage (cross-exchange), triangular arbitrage (multi-currency conversion), statistical arbitrage, and flash loan arbitrage, all of which capitalize on market inefficiencies for profit generation.

Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of rules and protocols that allows different software applications to communicate and interact with each other. In the blockchain and cryptocurrency context, APIs provide standardized access points enabling developers to interact with blockchain networks, exchanges, and various crypto services without needing to understand their underlying implementation details.

Anonymity refers to technologies and protocols in blockchain and cryptocurrency systems that protect users' real identities from being identified or tracked. Anonymity is implemented through cryptographic methods including ring signatures, zero-knowledge proofs, stealth addresses, and coin mixing techniques. It can be categorized into full anonymity and pseudonymity, with fully anonymous systems completely hiding the identities of transaction parties and amount information.

Alpha refers to the excess return of an investment portfolio relative to a specific benchmark, such as a market index. It serves as a key metric for measuring the value-creating ability of investment strategies through active management, representing risk-adjusted returns generated purely through asset selection, market timing, or other active management approaches.

Allocation refers to the process of distributing digital assets or tokens to different participants or purposes according to predetermined rules in the cryptocurrency and blockchain space. Common types include token allocation, resource allocation, and mining reward allocation, typically detailed in a project's whitepaper, defining initial token distribution ratios, vesting periods, and release mechanisms that directly influence a project's incentive structure and long-term development.

Anonymity in blockchain and cryptocurrency refers to the feature that allows users to conduct transactions or network activities without revealing their real identities. Anonymity can be classified as pseudonymous (like Bitcoin) or strongly anonymous (like Monero), with the latter employing cryptographic techniques such as ring signatures and zero-knowledge proofs to provide enhanced identity privacy protection.

Allocation refers to the process and outcome of distributing tokens or resources according to predetermined rules and proportions in cryptocurrency and blockchain projects. This mechanism determines the initial token quantities and release schedules for various stakeholders (such as development teams, investors, community users), forming the foundation of a project's governance structure and value distribution system.

An Alliance Chain is a form of blockchain network positioned between public and private chains, maintained collectively by pre-selected organizations or institutions with defined permission structures and identity authentication mechanisms, while preserving the distributed ledger characteristics and tamper-resistance properties of blockchain technology.

Alphanumeric refers to character sequences composed of both letters and numbers, widely used in blockchain technology for wallet addresses, hash values, cryptographic keys, and smart contract code. These encoding systems (such as Base58, Base64, and hexadecimal) convert complex binary data into more readable and manageable forms through specific algorithms, while maintaining data uniqueness and security.

Allotment refers to the systematic distribution of tokens or digital assets to various participants or stakeholders in the cryptocurrency space. It typically occurs during token issuance events (such as ICOs, IEOs, or STOs), allocating tokens according to predetermined ratios among team members, investors, community members, and other relevant parties.

Astroturfing is a market manipulation strategy where organizations or individuals disguise themselves as ordinary users or spontaneous communities to create the illusion of widespread support for a cryptocurrency project or token. This practice involves fabricating community engagement, manipulating public opinion, and creating artificial hype to influence investment decisions, increase asset prices, or attract new investors, representing a common form of trust abuse in the cryptocurrency space.

Assets Under Management (AUM) refers to the total market value of assets that a financial institution or fund manages on behalf of investors. In cryptocurrency, it represents the total value of digital assets managed by crypto funds, ETPs, or DeFi protocols, typically measured in USD, serving as a key indicator of an asset manager's size and market influence.

In the cryptocurrency and blockchain space, an acquisition refers to the transaction process where one entity (typically a company, project, or protocol) obtains control or ownership of another entity through cash, tokens, equity exchange, or a combination of payment methods. This transaction may result in the acquired entity being fully integrated into the acquirer's business structure or maintaining some degree of operational independence.

In blockchain technology, Asynchronous refers to the characteristic where nodes in a network can receive messages and execute operations at different times without waiting for other operations to complete. In asynchronous systems, time delays are unbounded and message delivery has no definite time guarantees, contrasting with synchronous systems that require operations to execute in fixed order or simultaneously.

An Automated Market Maker (AMM) is an algorithmic trading mechanism based on smart contracts that replaces traditional order books with mathematical formulas (typically constant product formulas like x*y=k) to create liquidity pools backed by token reserves, allowing traders to transact directly with a contract rather than counterparties. This mechanism enables decentralized exchanges (DEXs) to offer permissionless, 24/7 token swapping services without requiring a central authority to match trades.

Accountability definition refers to the systematic arrangements in blockchain networks that, through technical means and governance structures, ensure participants (including validator nodes, developers, token holders, etc.) are responsible for their decisions and actions. It encompasses elements of transparency measures, record-keeping, power distribution, incentive alignment, and penalty mechanisms designed to maintain network integrity and prevent abuse of power.

Affiliates are individuals or entities that promote cryptocurrency products or services through specific links or codes and earn commissions from successfully converted users. This partnership operates on a performance-based compensation model, commonly structured as fixed fees, percentage of trading volume, recursive commissions, or tiered commission systems.

Altcoins refer to all cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin. The term originated in the early days of the cryptocurrency industry to describe digital assets that imitated or served as alternatives to Bitcoin. As the industry has evolved, altcoins have developed into a diverse ecosystem encompassing cryptocurrencies with unique features, utilities, and technological innovations, including smart contract platforms, privacy coins, governance tokens, and utility tokens among various other types.

An aggregator is a blockchain infrastructure that consolidates data or services from multiple sources to optimize user experience and resource utilization. In DeFi, it specifically refers to platforms that connect various decentralized exchanges or liquidity sources, offering users optimal trade execution through smart routing technology. Data aggregators focus on collecting, standardizing, and displaying information from multiple blockchains, providing a unified perspective for market analysis.

Accretion in cryptocurrency refers to the gradual increase in value or quantity of digital assets over time, typically achieved through mechanisms like staking, liquidity mining, or yield farming. This concept emphasizes the progressive accumulation of assets rather than price appreciation from market fluctuations.

Amalgamation Definition refers to the process in the blockchain and cryptocurrency space where two or more entities (such as projects, protocols, tokens, or organizations) combine into a single entity. This strategic integration typically involves technical consolidation, token economic model restructuring, and governance realignment, aimed at pooling resources, expanding market reach, and achieving synergistic benefits.

An Affiliate in the cryptocurrency context is an individual or entity that earns commissions by promoting crypto products, services, or platforms and driving new user acquisitions. This performance-based marketing relationship utilizes unique tracking links or referral codes to monitor conversions, with compensation provided when predetermined objectives (such as sign-ups, deposits, or trading volume) are achieved.

Accrued Interest refers to the amount of interest that has been earned but not yet paid to the creditor in financial instruments. In cryptocurrency, it specifically applies to the time-proportional returns accumulated in DeFi lending protocols, staking services, and liquidity mining, typically calculated based on Annual Percentage Yield (APY) until settlement date or fund withdrawal.

Altcoins (alternative coins) refer to all cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin. These digital assets are based on various blockchain technologies and typically aim to improve upon Bitcoin's design or offer entirely new functionalities. They can be categorized into several types, including utility tokens (smart contract platforms), privacy coins, stablecoins, and others.

Bitcoin mining machines are specialized computing devices designed specifically for Bitcoin mining, utilizing Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) technology to solve complex mathematical problems that validate transactions and add them to the blockchain in exchange for Bitcoin rewards. These devices have evolved from CPUs, GPUs, and FPGAs to modern ASIC miners, optimized exclusively to perform SHA-256 hash algorithm calculations.

A block is the fundamental building unit in a blockchain network, representing a collection of validated transaction data within a specific time frame. Each block is cryptographically linked to the previous one, forming an immutable chain, and typically consists of two parts: a block header (containing metadata such as version number, previous block's hash, merkle root, timestamp) and a block body (containing the actual transaction data).

Blockchain is a distributed database or ledger technology that records and stores transaction information through cryptographically linked data blocks, forming an immutable chain. As a decentralized system, it allows multiple parties to maintain and verify the integrity of transaction records without a central authority, typically categorized into three types: public, consortium, and private blockchains.

Bitcoin ETF Blackrock Allocation refers to the asset allocation of bitcoin managed by iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT), a spot bitcoin exchange-traded fund launched by BlackRock, the world's largest asset manager. Since receiving SEC approval and beginning trading on January 11, 2024, IBIT has become the market-leading spot bitcoin ETF, enabling both institutional and retail investors to gain exposure to bitcoin price movements through traditional securities exchanges without directly holding the cryptocurrency

The iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) is a spot Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF) launched by BlackRock, the world's largest asset management company. Approved by the SEC and launched in January 2024, this investment vehicle allows investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin's price performance through traditional securities accounts without directly holding or managing the cryptocurrency.

Bitcoin All-Time High (ATH) refers to the highest price point that Bitcoin has ever reached in its trading history. As a key metric in cryptocurrency markets, it not only marks a specific price peak but also serves as a benchmark for measuring market cycles and investment returns.

A Bull Market refers to a period of sustained upward price movement in the cryptocurrency markets, characterized by investor optimism, consistently rising prices, and increased trading volumes. The term originates from traditional financial markets, symbolizing a bull's upward thrust with its horns. Bull markets can be triggered by various factors including Bitcoin halving events, institutional capital inflow, favorable regulatory developments, or technological breakthroughs, typically lasting for months or

Bitcoin Mining is the process of validating transactions and adding them to the blockchain by solving complex cryptographic puzzles, performed by miners using specialized computing equipment running the SHA-256 hash algorithm, with successful miners receiving block rewards and transaction fees as economic incentives. This Proof of Work mechanism ensures the decentralized security of the Bitcoin network and controls new coin issuance.

BitPay is a cryptocurrency payment processing service founded in 2011 that enables merchants to accept Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as payment methods, with options to instantly convert received crypto assets to fiat currencies, helping businesses mitigate cryptocurrency price volatility risks.

The Bitcoin symbol (₿) is the official visual identifier for Bitcoin cryptocurrency, first proposed in 2010 and incorporated into the Unicode standard (U+20BF) in 2015. As the first widely adopted cryptocurrency symbol, it is typically used similar to traditional currency symbols, placed before or after numerical values to indicate Bitcoin amounts, while also serving as an emblem of the blockchain financial revolution.

A Bitcoin faucet is an online service or application that distributes small amounts of Bitcoin for free to users as rewards for completing specific tasks such as solving CAPTCHAs, watching advertisements, or participating in mini-games. It was originally created in 2010 by early Bitcoin developer Gavin Andresen to promote Bitcoin technology and lower the entry barrier for newcomers.

BNB Explorer is a blockchain explorer tool for Binance Smart Chain (BNB Chain, formerly BSC) that allows users to query, track, and analyze all on-chain transactions, smart contracts, and account activities. Popular BNB explorers include BNBScan (BSCScan), which provides block data indexing and visualization interface, serving as a core infrastructure component of the BNB Chain ecosystem.

Black hat hackers are network intruders who leverage their computing expertise for illegal or malicious activities, typically motivated by personal gain, financial rewards, or destructive intent. In the traditional classification within the cybersecurity industry, this term contrasts with white hat hackers (ethical hackers) and gray hat hackers, representing those who seek and maliciously exploit system vulnerabilities without authorization.

Bitcoin Pizza Day is a commemorative day in cryptocurrency history celebrating the first real-world Bitcoin transaction on May 22, 2010, when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz purchased two pizzas for 10,000 BTC. This event is recognized as the first instance of Bitcoin being used as a medium of exchange and stands as a significant milestone in cryptocurrency development, annually celebrated by the crypto community.

Bitcoin Gold (BTG) is a cryptocurrency created in October 2017 through a hard fork of the Bitcoin blockchain at block height 491,407, implementing the ASIC-resistant Equihash consensus algorithm to restore decentralized mining by enabling GPU mining on consumer hardware.

The Black-Scholes Model is a mathematical pricing framework developed by Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in 1973 that calculates the theoretical value of financial options contracts. The model determines option prices by analyzing variables including underlying asset price, strike price, time to expiration, risk-free interest rate, and asset price volatility, establishing the foundation for modern financial engineering.

Blockchain is a data structure based on distributed ledger technology that packages transaction information into blocks and connects them in chronological order through cryptography, timestamps, and hash linking, forming an immutable, transparent, and secure database. As the underlying technology for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, blockchain enables the establishment of system trust without central authority through distributed network consensus mechanisms and cryptographic principles.

A block is the fundamental data structure in blockchain networks, serving as a digital container that packages, stores, and confirms a batch of transactions. Each block typically contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, transaction data, and consensus verification results, linked through cryptographic methods to form an immutable distributed ledger.

A bull trap is a deceptive market pattern where an asset's price briefly breaks above a resistance level during a downtrend, creating a false signal of an upward trend reversal, only to reverse course and continue declining, causing losses for investors who entered long positions. Also known as a "false breakout," bull traps typically occur during bear markets and are characterized by weak trading volume and excessive optimism, serving as a significant element of market psychology and technical price format

Bounce Back refers to a short-term upward price movement in cryptocurrency markets following a period of decline, typically occurring when an asset is considered oversold. This price correction can either be temporary (a "dead cat bounce") or signal a genuine trend reversal, representing an essential component of market self-regulation.

Block trading refers to the over-the-counter (OTC) transaction of large volumes of cryptocurrency at negotiated prices, typically involving orders significantly larger than standard market transactions (generally exceeding $100,000 in value). This trading method is primarily designed to minimize market impact costs of substantial orders, providing institutional investors and large holders with more efficient trading channels.

Bitcoin ETFs (Exchange-Traded Funds) are financial instruments traded on conventional stock exchanges that allow investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin price performance by purchasing fund shares without directly owning or managing the cryptocurrency. These funds primarily come in two varieties: spot ETFs (which directly hold Bitcoin) and futures ETFs (which hold Bitcoin futures contracts), providing traditional investors with a regulated avenue to participate in the cryptocurrency market.

Block height refers to the total number of blocks in a blockchain from the genesis block (the first block) to the current block, representing a block's numerical position in the chain. It increments by one unit with each new block added, serving as a unique identifier and an indicator of the blockchain's current state.

The Bretton Woods System was an international monetary system established in 1944, based on a fixed exchange rate regime where the US dollar was pegged to gold ($35 per ounce) and other currencies maintained fixed exchange rates to the dollar. This system created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, laying the foundation for post-war international financial order until its collapse in 1971 when President Nixon suspended dollar-gold convertibility.

Bearish refers to an investment stance and sentiment where market participants hold pessimistic expectations about cryptocurrency price movements, anticipating declines. This market sentiment typically accompanies reduced trading volumes, sustained downward price trends, and increased risk-averse behavior among investors.

A Black Swan Event refers to extremely rare, unpredictable occurrences with profound impacts in cryptocurrency markets, a concept developed by Nassim Taleb. These events have three defining characteristics: they are highly unexpected, carry extreme impact, and can be rationalized in retrospect. In the crypto domain, they typically manifest as sudden, severe market disruptions triggered by regulatory changes, security breaches, exchange collapses, or macroeconomic shocks.

A bit, short for binary digit, is the most fundamental unit of digital information that can only have two possible states: 0 or 1. As the foundation of modern computer systems and digital communications, bits enable the processing and transmission of complex data through binary logic, serving essential functions in blockchain technology for cryptographic algorithms and data storage.

A bull market refers to a period in the cryptocurrency market characterized by consistently rising prices, increased investor confidence, higher trading volumes, and widespread optimism. These market phases can last for months or years, during which crypto assets may experience several-fold or even ten-fold increases in value.

BUIDL is a popular term in the cryptocurrency community derived as a variant of "HODL," representing the philosophy of focusing on actual blockchain project development rather than short-term price speculation during market fluctuations. It is a deliberate misspelling of "build" that encourages developers and entrepreneurs to concentrate on creating valuable blockchain applications, services, and infrastructure to promote the long-term adoption and utility of the technology.

The Byzantine Generals Problem is a foundational challenge in distributed computing that describes how to reach reliable consensus in a system where some nodes may be faulty or malicious. Introduced by Leslie Lamport and colleagues in 1982, it forms the theoretical basis for consensus mechanisms in blockchain and cryptocurrency networks, addressing how decentralized systems can maintain integrity without central authority.

Block reward is the compensation given to miners or validators in a blockchain network for successfully creating a new block, typically distributed in the network's native cryptocurrency. This mechanism serves as both the primary source of new coin issuance for most cryptocurrencies and a critical means to maintain network security and incentivize participation. In Proof of Work networks like Bitcoin, block rewards decrease over time according to a predetermined schedule (such as Bitcoin's "halving"), while

Blow Up (Trading), also known as liquidation event, refers to the forced closure of a trader's position due to insufficient margin. It occurs when market prices move sharply against a trader's position and the account balance falls below the maintenance margin requirement, prompting the trading platform to automatically close all positions to prevent further losses and recover loaned funds.

Bullish refers to an investor's or analyst's positive, optimistic outlook on cryptocurrency or financial markets, expecting asset prices to increase in the future. This term originates from traditional financial markets, related to the concept of a bull market, and stands in contrast to bearish sentiment.

Bytom is a multi-asset interaction blockchain protocol designed to bridge the digital and physical worlds, enabling various types of assets (including digital assets and physical assets such as securities and bonds) to be registered, exchanged, and confirmed on the blockchain. The protocol employs the innovative Tensority consensus algorithm and features a three-layer architecture (application layer, contract layer, and underlying blockchain) that supports complex smart contracts and decentralized applicati

Bitcoin (BTC) is the world's first decentralized cryptocurrency, proposed by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008 and launched in January 2009, operating on blockchain technology with key characteristics including a fixed supply cap of 21 million coins, operation without central authorities, and use of the proof-of-work consensus mechanism.

Big Pie is a metaphorical term in the cryptocurrency industry that refers to the market share or dominant position held by specific crypto assets or blockchain projects within the overall market. Originating from traditional business terminology for market size, it commonly describes the market dominance of mainstream cryptocurrencies (such as Bitcoin and Ethereum) or the distribution of market share within specific segments (like DeFi or NFT).

A Brute Force Attack is a cybersecurity threat that involves systematically attempting every possible combination of passwords or keys until the correct one is found. In blockchain and cryptocurrency contexts, these attacks target private keys or wallet passwords to gain unauthorized access to digital assets, relying solely on computational power and time rather than technical vulnerabilities.

BTM is the native digital asset and utility token of Bytom blockchain, a platform designed to connect physical assets with digital ones. It serves multiple functions including transaction fee payment, consensus participation, and governance voting. Bytom utilizes the Tensority consensus algorithm, and BTM has a capped supply of 2.1 billion tokens with a halving issuance model similar to Bitcoin.

A bear market refers to a prolonged period of declining prices in the cryptocurrency market, typically defined as a drop of at least 20% in major assets from their highs lasting for months or years, reflecting pessimistic expectations about asset prospects among market participants.

Beta Coefficient is a risk indicator that measures an asset's volatility relative to the overall market, reflecting the correlation and sensitivity between an asset's price movements and a market benchmark (typically Bitcoin or a market index in the crypto sphere). A beta of 1 indicates the asset moves in line with the market; above 1 suggests higher volatility; below 1 indicates relative stability; while negative values show inverse correlation to the market.

Binance Evolution Proposals (BEPs) are formal documentation frameworks used to propose improvements, new features, or technical standards within the Binance ecosystem, including key protocol specifications such as BEP-2 (Binance Chain token standard) and BEP-20 (BNB Smart Chain token standard).

A Bitcoin address is a unique identifier used to receive bitcoin transactions, created as a string of characters derived from a public key through cryptographic hash functions, typically beginning with "1", "3", or "bc1". Bitcoin addresses come in three main types reflecting technical evolution: legacy P2PKH addresses (starting with 1), script hash P2SH addresses (starting with 3), and SegWit Bech32 addresses (starting with bc1). Each address represents an endpoint for receiving value on the blockchain, cry

Bollinger Bands is a technical analysis indicator consisting of a middle simple moving average (SMA) line and two standard deviation channels above and below it, designed to measure market volatility and identify potential overbought or oversold conditions.

BSCScan is the official block explorer for Binance Smart Chain (BSC), a web-based tool that allows users to search, monitor, and analyze on-chain transactions, smart contracts, token transfers, and other blockchain activities, providing a visualization interface and indexing service for BSC network data.

A bounty program is an incentive mechanism in blockchain projects that offers cryptocurrency or token rewards to encourage external participants to complete specific tasks or identify security vulnerabilities. They typically fall into two main categories: technical bug bounties focusing on security testing and code improvements, and marketing bounties dedicated to community building and project promotion.

A cryptocurrency bubble refers to an unsustainable rapid rise in digital asset prices far beyond their fundamental values, characterized by irrational market optimism, excessive hype, and speculative behavior, ultimately resulting in a severe price correction or crash.

Biitcooin.com is a fraudulent website that deliberately uses a misspelled domain name similar to "Bitcoin" to perpetrate scams by impersonating legitimate platforms offering Bitcoin ETF (Exchange-Traded Fund) investment services. This represents a classic cryptocurrency scam category that exploits investors' enthusiasm for Bitcoin ETF legitimization and their limited knowledge of cryptocurrencies to defraud users of their funds.

Bitcoin Dominance is a metric that measures the percentage of Bitcoin's market capitalization relative to the total market capitalization of all cryptocurrencies, indicating Bitcoin's relative dominance in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. Often abbreviated as BTC.D, it serves as a critical technical reference for analyzing market cycles, capital flows, and investor risk appetite.

Bitcoin Mining Software refers to specialized programs that connect mining hardware to the Bitcoin network, managing mining devices (such as ASICs or GPUs) to perform hash calculations, validate transactions and attempt to create new blocks, while providing performance monitoring, temperature control, and mining pool communication capabilities.

BNB Scan is the official block explorer for Binance Smart Chain (BSC), designed to retrieve, query, and verify all on-chain transactions, smart contracts, and account information. As core infrastructure in the Binance ecosystem, it enables users to monitor block data, wallet addresses, token transfers, contract code, and network status in real-time, enhancing transparency and usability across the blockchain network.

BTFD (Buy The F**king Dip) is an investment strategy in cryptocurrency markets where traders deliberately purchase assets during significant price downturns, operating on the expectation that prices will eventually recover, allowing investors to capitalize on temporarily discounted assets when markets rebound.

The Bitcoin White Paper is a technical document published on October 31, 2008, by the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto, formally titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System." This 9-page document established the theoretical foundation for the first decentralized digital currency, detailing blockchain technology, proof-of-work consensus mechanism, trustless transaction verification system, and an innovative solution to the double-spending problem in digital currencies, marking a pivotal transition of

Bitcoin Request for Comments (BRC) is a framework for establishing standardized protocols on the Bitcoin blockchain, enabling developers to create new functionalities without modifying Bitcoin's core protocol. The most notable implementation is the BRC-20 standard, which uses Ordinals theory to enable fungible tokens on Bitcoin.

A Block Explorer is a web-based tool that allows users to search, navigate, and analyze blocks, transactions, addresses, and other data on a blockchain network, functioning as a search engine for blockchain that enables access to and verification of information in the distributed ledger without running a full node.

Bandwidth refers to the capacity of a blockchain network to process data, typically measured by the amount of data transferred per second. It is a key technical indicator for measuring blockchain network performance and scalability, directly affecting transaction processing speed, node synchronization efficiency, and overall network throughput.

Barter is a direct trading system that operates without using fiat currency, where participants exchange goods or services directly to fulfill mutual needs. In blockchain, this concept has evolved into direct digital asset exchanges facilitated by smart contracts without intermediaries, though limited by challenges such as the "double coincidence of wants."

The BlackRock Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) is a spot Bitcoin exchange-traded fund launched by BlackRock, the world's largest asset manager, approved by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in January 2024, allowing investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin through traditional brokerage accounts without directly holding the digital asset.

A balloon loan is a financing structure where borrowers primarily pay only interest or small principal amounts during the loan term, followed by a large lump-sum payment (the "balloon payment") of the remaining principal at maturity. In cryptocurrency markets, this structure has been adapted within DeFi protocols to provide flexible borrowing options for users anticipating future asset appreciation.

Backorder refers to an order status where a purchase has been placed but cannot be fulfilled immediately due to insufficient supply, with these orders placed in a waiting queue for sequential fulfillment when new inventory becomes available. In the cryptocurrency industry, this condition is particularly common in the mining equipment market, especially during periods of high demand.

A Bitcoin wallet address is a unique identifier used to receive funds on the Bitcoin network, consisting of a string of characters generated through hash operations on a public key. Common formats include traditional addresses beginning with "1" or "3", and Segregated Witness addresses starting with "bc1". Each Bitcoin address is associated with a private key, and only the holder of that private key can access the bitcoin stored at that address.

A bull market refers to a prolonged period of rising prices in the cryptocurrency markets characterized by sustained upward price movements, increased trading volumes, high investor confidence, and widespread positive market sentiment. This cyclical market phase typically involves significant capital inflows, heightened mainstream attention, and can result in substantial or even multiple-fold asset appreciation.

A Bitcoin wallet address is a string of alphanumeric characters generated from a user's public key through cryptographic hash functions, serving as a unique identifier for receiving funds on the Bitcoin network. These addresses typically begin with 1 (P2PKH), 3 (P2SH), or bc1 (SegWit), contain 26-35 characters, and allow users to securely receive bitcoin without exposing their private keys.

Bartering is a trading system where people directly exchange goods and services without using money as an intermediary. As one of the oldest forms of value exchange, it has found modern applications in the cryptocurrency space through peer-to-peer trading platforms, decentralized exchange protocols, and atomic swap technology, enabling direct exchanges of digital assets across different blockchains.

A Bitcoin address is a string of 26-35 characters serving as a unique identifier for receiving bitcoin, essentially representing a hash of the user's public key. Bitcoin addresses primarily come in three types: traditional P2PKH addresses (starting with "1"), P2SH script hash addresses (starting with "3"), and Segregated Witness (SegWit) addresses (starting with "bc1").

Backlog refers to the queue of transactions that have been submitted to a blockchain network but are yet to be confirmed and included in blocks. This concept represents the relationship between a blockchain's processing capacity and real-time transaction demand, typically manifesting during network congestion as an increase in pending transactions, resulting in longer confirmation times and higher fees.

Bitcoin Pizza refers to the first documented real-world purchase using cryptocurrency, occurring on May 22, 2010, when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz paid 10,000 bitcoins for two pizzas. This landmark transaction became a defining milestone in cryptocurrency's commercial application history, establishing May 22 as "Bitcoin Pizza Day" - an annual celebration in the crypto community.

Bitcoin Mining Rigs are specialized computer hardware designed to execute the SHA-256 hash algorithm specifically for Bitcoin network transaction verification and new coin issuance. These devices have evolved from general-purpose CPUs/GPUs to modern ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) miners, characterized by high hash rates (TH/s) and energy efficiency metrics.

BNB Chain is a blockchain ecosystem launched by Binance, consisting of BNB Smart Chain (BSC) and BNB Beacon Chain, utilizing a Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism to provide high-performance, low-cost, Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatible infrastructure for decentralized applications.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the core hardware component in blockchain networks responsible for executing cryptographic calculations, transaction validations, and consensus algorithms. It serves as the fundamental infrastructure connecting blockchain software protocols with physical hardware, and while largely replaced by specialized hardware in Proof of Work (PoW) mining, it continues to play a critical role in Proof of Stake (PoS) and certain specific consensus algorithms.

Cloud Mining is a cryptocurrency mining service model that allows users to remotely rent mining equipment or computing power through the internet, enabling participation in mining activities without purchasing, installing, or maintaining physical hardware. This service, typically offered by professional mining companies, comes in various forms including fixed-term contracts, profit-sharing arrangements, and hashpower leasing options.

A cold storage wallet is a cryptocurrency storage solution that keeps private keys completely offline and isolated from the internet, significantly enhancing asset security. Cold wallets primarily include hardware wallets, paper wallets, and air-gapped computer wallets, with the core characteristic being that private keys never touch the network, effectively preventing online attacks and hacking attempts through physical isolation.

Consolidate definition refers to the process of merging multiple cryptocurrency assets, accounts, or blockchain systems into a single entity, encompassing everything from simple wallet address integration to complex token contract mergers, or even entire blockchain network mergers (such as Ethereum's transition from PoW to PoS). This concept is particularly important in scenarios of project integration, token migration, or management structure optimization.

Currency is a widely accepted medium of exchange used for payments for goods and services or settlement of debts, serving three fundamental functions: medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. Currency has evolved from early commodity forms (such as shells and precious metals) to modern fiat currencies, and more recently to digital forms including cryptocurrencies.

Custodians are professional entities that provide secure storage and management services for cryptocurrencies and digital assets, primarily responsible for protecting users' private keys and asset security. In the blockchain ecosystem, custody services are categorized into institutional custody, exchange custody, and self-custody, serving as critical infrastructure bridging traditional finance and the crypto economy.

Consensys is a blockchain software technology company focused on the Ethereum ecosystem, founded in 2014 by Ethereum co-founder Joseph Lubin, providing infrastructure, development tools, and application services for the Ethereum blockchain, with core products including MetaMask wallet, Infura developer platform, and Truffle development suite.

Crypto Gaming refers to blockchain-based games that incorporate cryptocurrencies and NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) into gameplay, enabling true ownership of in-game assets and economic rewards for players. These games typically operate on Play-to-Earn models, utilizing cryptocurrencies or tokens as the foundation for in-game economies and leveraging smart contracts for asset transactions and ownership verification.

Consolidation refers to a market phase in cryptocurrency where prices fluctuate within a specific range without demonstrating a clear directional trend, characterized by reduced trading volume and volatility in a sideways price movement. This state typically occurs following significant price movements, representing a temporary equilibrium between buyers and sellers as market participants reassess asset valuations.

A cold crypto wallet is a hardware device or method for storing cryptocurrencies offline, protecting users' private keys and digital assets through complete isolation from the internet. Cold wallets come in various forms including hardware wallets (such as Ledger and Trezor), paper wallets, and offline software solutions, with the defining characteristic being that private keys are generated and stored in an environment that remains disconnected from online networks.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the core electronic circuit in computer systems that executes instructions and processes data. In blockchain, CPUs were the primary hardware for early Bitcoin mining and now serve as an important metric for measuring network computational power, continuing to play crucial roles in transaction verification, smart contract execution, and consensus mechanisms.

Custodial services refer to a model where third-party entities (such as exchanges, financial institutions, or specialized custody providers) hold and manage cryptocurrency assets on behalf of users, with users surrendering control of their private keys to the custodian. This model contrasts with non-custodial approaches and represents one of the primary methods for digital asset management.

Capitulation refers to an extreme market behavior where investors massively and collectively abandon their positions and sell crypto assets during persistent declines or market crashes. This phenomenon typically occurs during periods of extreme pessimism, characterized by dramatic increases in trading volume, sharp price drops, spreading panic, and concentrated liquidation events. Capitulation is often considered a signal that a bear market might be nearing its end, representing the completion of a market c

Community Takeover (abbreviated as CTO) refers to the process where cryptocurrency project's development community voluntarily assumes responsibility for continuing development and maintenance after the original founding team has departed, exited, or abandoned the project. This mechanism builds upon the open-source nature of blockchain projects, ensuring project continuity through community governance and consensus-based decision making.

Collateralized Debt Positions (CDPs) are decentralized financial instruments that allow users to generate stablecoins or other cryptocurrencies by depositing crypto assets as collateral. This mechanism operates on an over-collateralization model, requiring the collateral value to exceed the borrowed amount, ensuring system stability and protection against market volatility.

Cold wallets are security devices or methods that store cryptocurrency private keys in completely offline environments, protecting them from hacker attacks and network threats through isolation from the internet. Cold wallets primarily exist in three forms: hardware wallets (like Ledger and Trezor), paper wallets (printed private keys and addresses), and offline software wallets, serving as the preferred solution for long-term storage of high-value crypto assets.

Ciphers are mathematical algorithms in cryptography used to protect information security by transforming original plaintext into unreadable ciphertext, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity during storage and transmission. Encryption algorithms are classified into three main categories: symmetric encryption (shared key), asymmetric encryption (public-private key pairs), and hash functions (one-way transformations), collectively forming core components of blockchain and cryptocurrency security infrastr

A cipher, also known as an encryption algorithm, is a mathematical procedure that transforms plaintext into ciphertext to ensure data security during transmission and storage. Based on design approaches, encryption algorithms are primarily categorized into three types: symmetric encryption (like AES), asymmetric encryption (such as RSA and elliptic curve algorithms), and hash functions (such as SHA-256). These algorithms play a crucial role in blockchain technology, providing confidentiality, integrity, and

A crypto-investor refers to an individual or institution that buys, holds, or trades digital assets in the blockchain and cryptocurrency markets, typically with the goal of capital appreciation or strategic investment in emerging technology ecosystems. Crypto-investors can be categorized into retail investors, institutional investors (such as venture capital funds, hedge funds), high-net-worth individuals, and corporate treasuries, employing diverse investment strategies ranging from long-term holding to sh

Cryptocurrency is a digital asset based on blockchain technology that uses cryptographic principles to secure transactions and control the creation of new units, operating without a central issuing authority through distributed ledger technology. As a decentralized medium of exchange, cryptocurrencies can be categorized into payment tokens (like Bitcoin), utility tokens (like Ethereum), and security tokens among other classifications.

Transaction confirmation is the process in blockchain networks where a transaction is successfully recorded in a block and achieves network consensus. A transaction receives its first confirmation when included in a block, with confirmation count increasing as new blocks are added on top of it. Different blockchain networks have varying standards for final confirmation - Bitcoin typically requires 6 confirmations, while Ethereum might need 12-15 confirmations.

Contract trading is a form of cryptocurrency derivative that allows traders to speculate on digital asset prices without owning the underlying assets. It primarily consists of futures contracts with specific expiration dates and perpetual contracts that can be held indefinitely, characterized by leverage mechanisms, margin systems, and opportunities for bidirectional trading.

Computational Power refers to the ability to perform computational operations in a blockchain network, typically measured in Hash Rate, representing the speed and efficiency at which mining devices or pools solve complex mathematical problems. In Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanisms, computational power directly relates to a participant's ability to solve cryptographic hash puzzles and serves as a key indicator of network security, degree of decentralization, and miner competitiveness.

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is a digital form of legal tender issued by a nation's central bank, representing the digital manifestation of traditional fiat currency with sovereign backing and legal tender status, distinct from privately-issued cryptocurrencies. CBDCs typically exist in two main models: retail (general-purpose) for public use and wholesale for financial institutions.

Consolidation (also known as price compression or sideways market) is a market condition where cryptocurrency prices fluctuate within a defined range without a clear directional trend, typically characterized by narrowing price volatility and decreasing trading volume. This phenomenon commonly occurs after significant price movements, serving as a transitional phase where the market reassesses asset values, often forming technical patterns like triangles or rectangles that set the stage for subsequent break

COINM (Coin-Margined) is a margin model in cryptocurrency derivatives trading where a specific cryptocurrency serves as both the margin collateral and settlement unit, rather than fiat currency, with all profits and losses, margin requirements, and liquidation values denominated in the underlying cryptocurrency.

Crypto miners are participants in blockchain networks responsible for validating transactions and adding them to the blockchain. They compete for the right to validate blocks by solving complex mathematical problems (in Proof of Work) or staking cryptocurrency (in Proof of Stake), earning cryptocurrency rewards upon success. Miners can be categorized as individual miners, mining pool participants, or cloud mining users, collectively maintaining the network's decentralized nature and security.

Collateral in cryptocurrency markets refers to assets pledged to secure debt obligations, where users lock crypto assets (typically 125%-200% of the loan value) to mitigate lending risk and establish trustless mechanisms. These assets are managed through smart contracts that automatically trigger liquidation processes, transferring the collateral to lenders when borrowers fail to meet repayment obligations, thus eliminating the need for intermediaries in managing loan securities.

Centralization refers to an organizational structure where power, decision-making, and control are concentrated in a single entity or central point. In the cryptocurrency and blockchain domain, centralized systems are controlled by central authoritative bodies such as banks, governments, or specific organizations that have ultimate authority over system operations, rule-making, and transaction validation, standing in direct contrast to decentralization.

A crypto cold wallet is a secure offline storage method for cryptocurrencies that completely isolates users' private keys from the internet to prevent cyber attacks. Cold wallets primarily come in three forms: hardware devices, paper wallets, and offline software solutions, representing the highest security standard for cryptocurrency asset storage.

Cross-chain technology refers to solutions enabling interoperability between different blockchain networks, allowing seamless transfer and interaction of digital assets, data, and functionality across independent blockchain systems. This technology breaks down isolation barriers between blockchains through various mechanisms (such as hash time-locked contracts, relay chains, bridge protocols, etc.), creating a higher level of connectivity and value exchange capability for the entire blockchain ecosystem.

A Centralized Exchange (CEX) is a cryptocurrency trading platform operated by a central entity that matches trades, custodies user assets, and provides trading services. Following a traditional intermediary model, CEXs typically require KYC verification, utilize order book trading systems, and offer various financial products, serving as the primary trading infrastructure in today's crypto market.

Cold storage is a cryptocurrency private key management method that keeps keys completely offline, physically isolated from the internet, thereby minimizing the risk of hacking. As a primary means of digital asset security, cold storage is typically implemented through physical media such as hardware wallets, paper wallets, or metal wallets, primarily used for the long-term secure storage of significant asset holdings.

A Canary Network is a specialized blockchain network that sits between a mainnet and testnet, allowing developers to test new features with real tokens and economic incentives, providing a more realistic testing environment with actual value at stake while serving as an early warning system before mainnet deployment.

Ciphertext refers to data that has been processed through encryption algorithms, rendering it incomprehensible or unusable until properly decrypted by authorized parties. In blockchain and cryptocurrency contexts, ciphertext is categorized into symmetric and asymmetric encryption types, serving as the core technical foundation for securing data transmission and protecting user privacy.

A consensus mechanism is a protocol system in blockchain networks that enables distributed nodes to agree on the ledger state, ensuring transaction validation and system security without central authorities. Common types include Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS), and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), each making different trade-offs between security, decentralization, and performance.

A Core Wallet is a cryptocurrency wallet software that runs a complete blockchain node, also known as a full node wallet or main client. It not only provides basic asset management functions but also downloads, verifies, and stores the blockchain's complete historical record. Core wallets are typically maintained by the official teams of cryptocurrency projects and represent the most authoritative protocol implementation for their respective networks.

In cryptocurrency, "Candy" refers to small amounts of free tokens or digital assets distributed by projects as a marketing and user acquisition strategy. Compared to airdrops, candy campaigns typically feature smaller scale distributions with lower participation barriers, requiring users to complete simple tasks such as account registration or social media engagement to receive rewards, serving as a common method for projects to rapidly expand their user base and increase market visibility.

A cold wallet is an offline cryptocurrency storage method that keeps private keys on devices without internet connectivity to maximize asset security. Cold wallets come primarily in the form of hardware wallets (such as Ledger and Trezor), paper wallets, or offline software wallets, and are recommended for long-term storage of significant crypto holdings.

A coin is a cryptocurrency that operates on its own independent blockchain network, typically used for store of value, medium of exchange, and unit of account. Coins are issued through consensus mechanisms such as mining or proof-of-stake, featuring decentralization, security, and programmability, representing the base currency layer in blockchain ecosystems.

Capitulation refers to the mass, rapid liquidation of assets by market participants dominated by panic sentiment, usually accompanied by significant price crashes and surging trading volumes. This behavior reflects a collective psychological state where investors give up hope and accept losses, often marking the final stage of a downtrend cycle.

Capital Gains Tax (CGT) is a tax levied on profits realized from the sale or disposal of investment assets, including cryptocurrencies. Tax treatments vary significantly between jurisdictions, with most countries classifying cryptocurrencies as assets or commodities rather than currencies for taxation purposes.

Cryptocurrency speculation refers to the practice where traders capitalize on the high volatility of digital asset markets to pursue rapid profits through short-term trading strategies, typically focusing on market sentiment, technical indicators, and short-term news events rather than long-term fundamental value of projects.

Compliance refers to the process by which cryptocurrency businesses and projects adhere to legal and regulatory requirements across jurisdictions, including anti-money laundering (AML), know-your-customer (KYC), securities laws, and consumer protection regulations. It encompasses measures such as identity verification, transaction monitoring, and risk assessment aimed at preventing illicit activities and ensuring legitimate operation of digital asset markets.

Coin Hoarding refers to the practice of holding cryptocurrencies for extended periods without selling, based on a strong belief in the future value appreciation of specific crypto assets. This long-term holding strategy is particularly common in the Bitcoin community and typically involves regular purchases, cold storage management, and disregard for short-term market fluctuations.

The Contract Layer is a core component of blockchain architecture that executes and manages smart contracts, positioned above the protocol layer to provide programming interfaces and logical processing capabilities for decentralized applications. Operating through virtual machine environments (like Ethereum Virtual Machine) and specialized programming languages (such as Solidity), it enables developers to build and deploy self-executing code on blockchains, implementing application logic ranging from simple

Crypto-to-crypto trading refers to the direct exchange of one cryptocurrency for another on digital asset exchanges without using fiat currency as an intermediary. This trading method operates through trading pairs (such as BTC/ETH, ETH/USDT), and represents a fundamental service offered by cryptocurrency exchanges, allowing users to seamlessly convert between different digital assets within the blockchain ecosystem.

Copycat Coins are digital assets that imitate or replicate the fundamental characteristics, functions, or brand elements of existing cryptocurrencies (particularly Bitcoin), typically lacking substantial technological innovation and only making minor modifications to the original code, such as adjusting block generation time, total supply, or mining algorithms.

Computational infeasibility refers to the property that specific computational tasks cannot be completed within practical computational resources and time constraints. In cryptography and blockchain technology, it serves as a core design principle for security systems, ensuring that even with the most advanced computing equipment, the time required for reverse computation or breaking encryption algorithms increases exponentially, thus achieving practical security for the system.

Confidential Transaction is a cryptographic technique that allows blockchain transaction participants to hide transaction amounts while maintaining verifiable transaction validity, achieved through methods like Pedersen Commitments and Range Proofs that encrypt transaction values while preventing double-spending and inflation attacks.

Cut Loss is a risk management strategy where traders actively close positions to limit the extent of losses when asset prices move in an unfavorable direction. It can take several forms including fixed stop loss, trailing stop loss, and time-based stop loss, serving as a fundamental tool for controlling investment risk in both cryptocurrency and traditional financial markets.

Coin Shuffling is a blockchain privacy protection technique that enhances cryptocurrency transaction anonymity by mixing inputs and outputs from multiple users, making it difficult to trace fund flows or associate transaction parties. As a decentralized privacy solution, it operates without trusted third parties, instead utilizing cryptographic methods to achieve transaction obfuscation.

In cryptocurrency trading, Cover refers to a risk management strategy where traders establish hedging positions to protect existing portfolios against adverse price movements. This technique creates an insurance mechanism by taking positions in the opposite direction of original holdings, limiting potential losses during unfavorable market movements.

Consensus algorithms are protocol rules in blockchain networks that enable distributed nodes to agree on the validity and ordering of transactions. They are categorized by mechanism into types such as Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (dBFT), and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), each with distinct characteristics regarding security, decentralization, and processing efficiency.

Callable Bull/Bear Contracts (CBBCs) are leveraged derivative instruments that allow investors to take high-leverage long (Bull) or short (Bear) positions on specific underlying assets, featuring a mandatory call mechanism that terminates and settles the contract immediately when the price of the underlying asset reaches a predetermined call level.

"Chive Harvesting" is a slang term in cryptocurrency markets that describes the practice where experienced investors or project teams exploit inexperienced investors (metaphorically called "chives") through market manipulation, false promotion, or information asymmetry to make profits. The term originates from Chinese market culture, where chives regrow after being cut, symbolizing how new investors continually enter the market only to be "harvested."

A candidate block is a temporary block prepared by miners in a blockchain network, containing transactions selected from the mempool that have not yet been confirmed as a permanent part of the blockchain. Miners compete through consensus mechanisms such as Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS) to have their constructed candidate block added to the blockchain.

Cryptography is the science of studying mathematical algorithms and protocols to secure information, ensure integrity, and verify authenticity, serving as the core foundation of blockchain technology. It encompasses various technical branches including symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption, hash functions, and digital signatures, collectively forming the security architecture and decentralized trust mechanisms of cryptocurrencies.

Crocodiles are professional traders in the cryptocurrency market who possess substantial funds and market influence. These experienced traders control enough capital to potentially influence price movements of specific crypto assets, and their trading activities are often monitored as indicators of "smart money" movements in the market.

Consensus mechanisms are protocols or algorithms in blockchain networks that allow distributed nodes to agree on the validity of transactions and the state of the ledger, implemented through various methods such as Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS). These mechanisms solve the trust problem in decentralized systems, ensuring ledger consistency and security without a central authority.

In the cryptocurrency market, "Chinese Chives" is a metaphorical term originating from China that describes retail investors who are easily manipulated and frequently lose money in the markets. The metaphor derives from the regrowth characteristic of chives after being cut, symbolizing investors who continue investing despite repeated losses.

The Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) is one of the world's largest derivatives exchanges that became the first mainstream financial institution to offer regulated Bitcoin futures in 2017, later adding Ethereum futures. As a critical bridge between traditional finance and crypto markets, CME provides cash-settled cryptocurrency derivatives primarily serving institutional investors, with its contract trading volumes and expiration effects considered important indicators of market sentiment.

Cryptology is the scientific study of information protection and concealment, divided into two main branches: cryptography (encryption) and cryptanalysis (decryption). As a foundational pillar for blockchain and cryptocurrency technologies, cryptology secures digital assets and privacy through mechanisms including hash functions, asymmetric encryption, and digital signatures.

Collateral refers to assets provided by borrowers to secure cryptocurrency loans, serving as repayment guarantees in case of default. In decentralized finance (DeFi), these assets are locked in smart contracts until loan repayment or liquidation conditions are triggered, typically using over-collateralization mechanisms (125%-200% collateralization ratios) to mitigate market volatility risks.

Crypto Lead in to Coin is a tokenomic model that enables pre-sale tokens, founder tokens, or project lead tokens to convert into a project's official tokens upon meeting specific conditions. This mechanism establishes a connection between project development and token value, typically implemented at critical stages such as mainnet launch, milestone achievement, or governance structure transformation.

Commingling refers to the practice where cryptocurrency exchanges or custodial services combine and manage different customers' digital assets in the same account or wallet, maintaining internal records of individual ownership while storing the assets in centralized wallets controlled by the institution rather than by the customers themselves on the blockchain.

A custodian is a third-party entity or service provider responsible for the secure storage and management of clients' cryptocurrency assets, utilizing specialized security infrastructure to mitigate the risks and complexities associated with self-custody of private keys. These services typically fall into two main categories: cold storage custody (offline secure storage) and hot storage custody (online immediate access).

A cipher is a mathematical algorithm that transforms plaintext information into seemingly random ciphertext, making it difficult to understand without authorization while allowing authorized parties to decrypt it using specific keys. In the blockchain domain, ciphers primarily fall into three categories: symmetric encryption (using the same key for encryption and decryption), asymmetric encryption (using public-private key pairs), and hash functions (one-way transformations), collectively forming the securi

A crypto bubble refers to a speculative inflation of prices in cryptocurrency markets where asset values far exceed their fundamental worth, eventually leading to a dramatic collapse. This market behavior is characterized by extreme euphoria, exponential price growth, massive funding for projects lacking substantial applications, and subsequent large-scale price crashes, forming a distinctive boom-and-bust cycle unique to crypto markets.

Collateral refers to assets provided by borrowers to lenders as security in case of loan default. In the cryptocurrency ecosystem, collateral typically exists as crypto assets locked in smart contracts to secure loans or other financial services, usually requiring over-collateralization (value exceeding the loan amount) to mitigate market volatility risks.

Cryptocurrency Market Cap is a metric measuring the economic size of crypto assets, calculated by multiplying the circulating token supply by the current market price. As the fundamental valuation standard for digital assets, market cap is categorized into total market cap (all tokens) and circulating market cap (tradable tokens), serving as the primary reference for assessing project scale and overall crypto market conditions.

Crypto Market Cap refers to the total economic value of a specific cryptocurrency or the entire crypto market, calculated by multiplying the number of tokens in circulation by the current market price. It can be categorized into individual cryptocurrency market cap and total market cap (the sum of market caps of all cryptocurrencies globally), serving as a standardized metric for evaluating the scale, market position, and relative influence of crypto assets.

Defining the payee refers to the process of identifying the address or identifier of the recipient of cryptographic assets during a blockchain transaction. The payee is usually represented as a string address derived from a public key, which serves as the target endpoint for cryptocurrency transfers. Different blockchain networks use different address formats; for example, Bitcoin addresses start with "1" or "3," while Ethereum addresses begin with "0x."

Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is an alternative blockchain structure where transactions act as nodes connected by directed edges with no cycles, allowing parallel transaction confirmation to achieve higher network throughput and scalability.

Decentralization is a fundamental characteristic of blockchain technology where no single entity has control over the system or network, with power, decision-making, and data validation distributed across multiple participating nodes. This structure eliminates the need for central authorities, making systems resistant to single points of failure, enhancing transparency and censorship resistance, while reducing manipulation risks.

A Degen (short for Degenerate) refers to a market participant in the cryptocurrency space who engages in high-risk speculative behaviors, typically seeking short-term massive profits by allocating substantial capital to unproven projects, leveraged trading, or emerging tokens while often disregarding fundamental analysis and risk management principles. This group is characterized by chasing market trends, participating in early-stage projects, and accepting extreme volatility.

Discord is an instant messaging and digital distribution platform initially designed for gamers that has evolved into a core community-building tool for cryptocurrency and blockchain projects. It offers server creation, multi-channel organization, permission management, and bot integration capabilities, supporting text, voice, and video communications that enable project teams to engage in real-time interaction and information sharing with community members.

Dead Cat Bounce is a term in financial and cryptocurrency markets that describes a temporary, brief recovery in the price of an asset following a substantial decline, after which the downward trend continues. This deceptive price pattern does not represent a genuine market recovery but rather a temporary pause in a declining trend, particularly common in the highly volatile cryptocurrency markets.

Accrue refers to the process in which interest, rewards, or returns on cryptocurrency assets gradually accumulate over time. This concept is primarily applied in DeFi lending platforms, liquidity mining, and staking systems, where smart contracts automatically calculate and allocate earnings based on block height or time intervals.

Fungibility refers to the property of an asset, commodity, or monetary unit where each unit is identical in both value and functionality, making them mutually interchangeable. In the cryptocurrency domain, fungibility implies that every unit is entirely equivalent to others of its kind, without any unique identifiers or distinguishing characteristics, enabling it to function effectively as a medium of exchange.

Leverage is a financial instrument that allows traders to amplify their trading position size using borrowed funds, controlling assets of greater value with a smaller initial capital. In cryptocurrency trading, leverage is typically expressed as a multiplier (ranging from 2x to as high as 125x), representing how much larger a position a trader can control beyond their actual funds, simultaneously magnifying both potential profits and risks.

A nonce is an arbitrary value used only once in blockchain technology, primarily used in the Proof-of-Work (PoW) mining process. Miners verify block validity and receive mining rewards by continuously adjusting the nonce value and performing hash calculations until a hash value that meets the network's difficulty requirement is found. The nonce occupies 4 bytes in the block header, allowing for approximately 4.3 billion possible values to be tested.

Shilling refers to the behavior of individuals or groups in the cryptocurrency field who excessively publicize or promote specific crypto projects, tokens or currencies for personal gain, usually lacking objective analysis and deliberately concealing risks, with the aim of attracting new investors and raising prices to profit early holders.

Discord is a social platform that integrates instant messaging, voice communication, and server creation. In the cryptocurrency space, it serves as the mainstream tool for project teams to establish official communities, distribute information, implement community governance, and facilitate user interaction. It features structured servers, granular role permissions, and bot automation, providing centralized community management solutions for decentralized projects.

Immutability is a core property of blockchain technology that refers to the characteristic where data, once written to the blockchain and sufficiently confirmed, cannot be tampered with, modified, or deleted. This property is achieved through a combination of cryptographic hash functions, chain structure, and distributed consensus mechanisms, ensuring the permanence and integrity of records on the blockchain.

Guilds are organizational structures in blockchain and gaming ecosystems that operate as Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), composed of players, investors, or developers collaboratively participating in GameFi games and metaverse projects. Guilds typically feature governance tokens for collective decision-making and establish asset-sharing and revenue distribution mechanisms, representing a distinctive form of on-chain community collaboration.

Protocol definition refers to a set of explicit rules and processes that govern participant behavior within blockchain networks, establishing fundamental operational mechanisms for data transmission, transaction verification, block generation, and consensus achievement. As the foundational infrastructure for decentralized systems, blockchain protocols typically comprise four key components: network layer protocols, consensus protocols, data structure protocols, and incentive protocols.

A block is the fundamental data structure unit in a blockchain network, designed to package and store transaction information within a specific timeframe, forming an immutable distributed ledger through cryptographic hash linkage. Each block typically consists of a header (containing metadata) and a body (containing transaction data), serving as the core technical foundation for blockchain security and immutability.

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) is a standardized metric that measures the compounded return on an investment over a one-year period, accounting for the effect of reinvested interest generating additional returns, widely used for evaluating yield opportunities in cryptocurrency DeFi (Decentralized Finance) products.

Anonymity refers to the characteristic in blockchain and cryptocurrency networks where users can conduct transactions without revealing their true identities. Most cryptocurrencies offer pseudonymity rather than complete anonymity, meaning transactions aren't directly linked to real identities but can still be tracked through blockchain analysis. Cryptocurrencies can be categorized by privacy protection level, ranging from basic pseudonymous systems (like Bitcoin) to enhanced privacy systems (such as Monero

A cipher or encryption algorithm is a mathematical function or computational process that converts plaintext information into unintelligible ciphertext to protect data security. Encryption algorithms are primarily categorized as symmetric encryption (using the same key for encryption and decryption), asymmetric encryption (using public-private key pairs), and hash functions (one-way encryption), serving as core components in the security infrastructure of blockchain and cryptocurrency systems.

Fiat currency is legal tender issued by governments or central banks, deriving its value from national credit rather than physical asset backing, with mandatory circulation and legal tender status within issuing countries. Traditional fiat money (such as USD, EUR, CNY) is typically managed centrally by monetary authorities that can adjust supply through policy measures to influence the economy, and remains the dominant currency form in today's global financial system.

In the blockchain and cryptocurrency industry, an auditor refers to a security expert who specializes in examining smart contract code, blockchain protocols, and technical implementations of crypto projects. Through systematic code reviews, security testing, and vulnerability analysis, auditors identify and help resolve potential security risks to protect user assets and project integrity. Blockchain auditors can be categorized as third-party independent audit firms or internal security teams, with their sc

Decentralized Applications (DApps) are applications that operate on distributed networks like blockchains rather than centralized servers, executing business logic through smart contracts without control by any single entity. DApps typically feature open-source code, transparent operations, immutable records, and often incorporate cryptocurrency tokens as access or utility mechanisms. They consist of frontend user interfaces connected to backend smart contracts, eliminating the central points of control fou

Diversification is a risk management strategy that involves spreading investments across multiple different types of crypto assets to reduce overall portfolio risk. The approach is based on the principle that low correlation between different asset classes can offset losses in some assets with performance in others, thereby improving the risk-adjusted returns of a portfolio.

The Darknet is a segment of the internet that requires specialized software (such as Tor browser) to access, remains unindexed by conventional search engines, and employs encryption technologies and anonymous routing systems to conceal user identities and locations. Darknet sites typically use non-standard domain formats like .onion addresses, providing high levels of anonymity while serving as venues for cryptocurrency transactions and various legal and illegal activities.

Dumping refers to the rapid selling of large amounts of cryptocurrency assets within a short timeframe, typically resulting in significant price declines, characterized by sudden spikes in trading volume, sharp downward price movements, and dramatic shifts in market sentiment. This phenomenon can be triggered by market panic, negative news, macroeconomic events, or strategic selling by large holders ("whales"), and is considered a disruptive but normal phase in cryptocurrency market cycles.

An Epoch is a fixed time unit in blockchain networks defined by either a predetermined number of blocks or a specific time interval, used to organize network activities such as staking reward distribution, validator rotation, or protocol parameter adjustments. Epoch lengths vary across blockchains, with Bitcoin's epochs occurring every 210,000 blocks (approximately four years), while Proof of Stake networks like Ethereum 2.0 have shorter epochs lasting hours or days.

Asynchronous refers to a processing model in blockchain networks where operations can proceed without waiting for previous operations to complete, enabling parallel computation. Unlike traditional synchronous models, asynchronous mechanisms utilize non-blocking operations to significantly improve processing efficiency and network throughput, serving as a key technical solution to blockchain scalability challenges.

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is a blockchain-based financial system that provides traditional financial services through smart contracts and decentralized applications (DApps) without requiring central authorities or intermediaries. As a category of financial innovation, DeFi encompasses lending platforms, decentralized exchanges, stablecoins, insurance products, and various other applications, with core characteristics of openness, transparency, and composability.

Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is a data structure composed of nodes and directional edges where no cyclic paths exist within the system. In blockchain, DAG serves as an alternative architecture to traditional linear blockchains, offering higher scalability and transaction throughput by enabling parallel transaction processing rather than sequential addition to a single chain.

Amalgamation refers to the restructuring process where two or more cryptocurrency companies or projects combine to form a single entity, involving integration of technology stacks, token economic models, and governance structures. In the blockchain space, the terms amalgamation, merger, and consolidation, while having subtle differences, typically represent similar processes of resource integration aimed at enhancing market competitiveness, achieving technological synergies, or optimizing resource allocatio

Accountability in blockchain and decentralized systems is a governance framework that ensures participants are responsible for their actions, built on three core elements: transparency, responsibility allocation, and consequence management. It functions through immutable records, cryptographic verification, and smart contract execution, differing from traditional centralized systems by incorporating both technical and social dimensions rather than relying on regulatory authorities.

Capitulation refers to the act of market participants completely losing confidence after enduring prolonged downward pressure, resulting in forced mass selling of assets. This phenomenon typically occurs in the late stages of bear markets, characterized by surging trading volumes, sharp price declines, and extreme pessimism, often considered a potential signal that the market may be approaching a bottom.

Barter refers to a trading system where goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using money as an intermediary. As one of humanity's oldest economic activities, this exchange system relies on subjective value assessment by trading parties and requires a "double coincidence of wants" to complete transactions.

Decryption is the process of converting encrypted data back to its original readable form. In cryptocurrency and blockchain contexts, decryption is a fundamental cryptographic operation that typically requires a specific key (such as a private key) to allow authorized users to access encrypted information while maintaining system security. Decryption can be categorized into symmetric decryption and asymmetric decryption, corresponding to different encryption mechanisms.

Digital assets are cryptography-based digital representations of value that exist in electronic form and are verified and transacted through distributed ledger technology. They encompass multiple categories including cryptocurrencies, utility tokens, security tokens, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), characterized by their programmability, disintermediation capabilities, and global instant transferability.

Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) is a blockchain-based organizational structure that uses smart contracts to automatically execute rules and decisions without central authority management. DAOs implement token-based voting mechanisms for governance, allowing members to participate in proposal voting based on their governance token holdings, with all activities transparently recorded on the blockchain.

Diamond Hands refers to investors who refuse to sell their cryptocurrency assets despite extreme market volatility or downturns. The term originated in social media communities as a metaphor for the unwavering resolve and patience displayed by holders during price declines, contrasting with "Paper Hands" who sell at the first sign of market stress.

Dark pool trading is a private trading mechanism that allows large institutional investors to execute block trades outside public markets without pre-disclosing transaction information, designed to minimize market impact of substantial orders. Originally developed in traditional financial markets, dark pools have expanded into cryptocurrency markets, serving as critical infrastructure connecting large traders with liquidity providers.

Drop Below Market Debut refers to the phenomenon where a cryptocurrency or token's market trading price falls below its initial issuance price (such as ICO, IEO, or IDO price), typically viewed as an indicator of shifting market confidence, potentially reflecting investor concerns about the project's long-term prospects or broader market conditions.

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) is a blockchain consensus mechanism created by Dan Larimer in 2014 as an enhancement to Proof of Stake (PoS). In DPoS, token holders vote to elect a limited number of delegates (typically 21-101 nodes) who validate transactions and create new blocks, rather than having all nodes participate in the consensus process. This mechanism aims to increase transaction processing speed and network throughput while maintaining a degree of decentralization.

Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from or depends on the price performance of another financial asset (called the underlying asset). In cryptocurrency markets, derivatives include futures, options, perpetual contracts and other instruments used for speculation, risk hedging, or implementing complex trading strategies without directly holding the underlying crypto assets.

A distributed ledger is a decentralized database technology that enables multiple participants to maintain and synchronize transaction records without a central authority. It serves as the foundational concept for blockchain technology, though broader in scope as not all distributed ledgers implement a blockchain structure. Distributed ledgers ensure data consistency across nodes through consensus mechanisms and employ cryptographic techniques to guarantee information security and immutability.

LARP (Live Action Role-Playing) in the cryptocurrency context refers to the act of falsely claiming technical expertise, industry status, or investment achievements. This term originates from traditional role-playing games but has evolved within the crypto community to identify individuals who exaggerate their accomplishments or expertise in the blockchain and cryptocurrency space.

An Affiliate in the cryptocurrency ecosystem is an individual or entity that promotes specific exchanges, projects, or services in return for commission-based rewards. This performance-driven marketing relationship operates through unique tracking links or referral codes that affiliates share to drive user registrations or specific actions, earning compensation only when successful conversions occur.

Decentralized Applications (DApps) are software applications that run on blockchain networks, executing their functions through smart contracts without requiring central servers or governing authorities. DApps feature four main characteristics: open-source code, distributed operation, cryptographic token incentives, and consensus-based decision making. They can be categorized by application domain into financial (DeFi), gaming, social, identity verification, and supply chain types, among others.

The Ethereum Foundation is a non-profit organization established in 2014 dedicated to supporting the development of the Ethereum blockchain ecosystem. As a key institution within the Ethereum network, it fosters technological advancement and ecosystem growth through grant programs, research initiatives, and community building, while not directly controlling the Ethereum protocol itself.

An Ethereum blockchain explorer is a data query tool designed specifically for the Ethereum network that allows users to view, track, and analyze on-chain transactions, smart contracts, addresses, and other network activities. Serving as a visual interface for blockchain data, it indexes blockchain information and presents it in a user-friendly format, with Etherscan being one of the most widely used Ethereum explorers.

Encryption is a data protection technique that uses algorithms to convert readable information (plaintext) into an unintelligible format (ciphertext) that can only be decrypted and accessed by authorized parties with the correct keys. In the blockchain domain, encryption is categorized into symmetric encryption (using the same key for encryption and decryption) and asymmetric encryption (using public-private key pairs), serving as the foundational technology for network security, transaction verification, a

An Ethereum Explorer is a web-based tool that enables users to query, track, and analyze data on the Ethereum blockchain, providing access to transaction histories, block information, smart contract code, and account balances. These explorers function by indexing blockchain data through running nodes or API connections, structuring raw data into user-friendly interfaces, and serving as critical infrastructure for blockchain transparency and verifiability.

Ethereum Name Service (ENS) is a distributed naming protocol built on the Ethereum blockchain that maps human-readable names to machine-readable identifiers such as Ethereum addresses, other cryptocurrency addresses, content hashes, and metadata. As the Web3 equivalent of DNS, ENS provides infrastructure for decentralized identity and simplified blockchain interactions by allowing users to register memorable domain names (like name.eth) instead of using complex alphanumeric addresses.

Emission refers to the process by which new cryptocurrency tokens are created and enter circulation, encompassing initial distribution and ongoing release schedules that determine total supply, release rate, and allocation methods—forming the core of a project's monetary policy. Emissions can be classified as inflationary (unlimited supply), fixed supply (like Bitcoin), or hybrid models.

EdDSA (Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm) is a high-performance digital signature algorithm based on elliptic curve cryptography, designed by cryptographer Daniel J. Bernstein and his team. The algorithm utilizes specialized Edwards curves to achieve deterministic signature generation, efficient verification, and enhanced security properties. EdDSA addresses several vulnerabilities found in traditional signature schemes, with Ed25519 being its most widely deployed variant, known for its speed, secur

Etherscan is an independently developed Ethereum block explorer and analytics platform that allows users to search, view, and verify transactions, addresses, tokens, prices, and other activities on the Ethereum blockchain, providing transparency and accessibility to the Ethereum network.

An Epoch is a predefined unit of time or block count in blockchain networks, representing a complete cycle of network activity. During this period, the blockchain performs a specific set of operations such as updating validator sets, distributing staking rewards, or adjusting difficulty parameters. The length of epochs varies across different blockchain protocols and may be defined either by time (hours or days) or by block count (such as 32,768 blocks).

Epochs are predefined periods of time or a specific number of blocks in blockchain networks that serve as fundamental time units for network operations, organizing activities such as validator elections, staking reward distribution, and system parameter updates. Epoch lengths vary across blockchains, with Ethereum 2.0 defining an epoch as 32 slots (approximately 6.4 minutes), while Cardano epochs last 5 days.

Ethereum blockchain explorers are web-based tools for querying, analyzing, and visualizing transactions, accounts, smart contracts, and other on-chain data on the Ethereum blockchain. Etherscan is the most prominent example of these explorers, which function as blockchain transparency infrastructure allowing users to access and verify on-chain information without running a full node.

Externally Owned Account (EOA) is a fundamental account type in the Ethereum blockchain that is fully controlled by users through private keys. Unlike contract accounts, EOAs can initiate transactions but cannot execute code, and each EOA possesses a unique address and Ether balance.

ETH/BTC is a cryptocurrency trading pair that represents the price ratio of Ethereum (ETH) to Bitcoin (BTC). This pair allows traders to buy Ethereum directly using Bitcoin and serves as a critical indicator of the relative market strength between these two major cryptocurrencies, often used to analyze market cycles, capital flows, and shifts in investor sentiment.

Ether (ETH) is the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain network. It functions as the core economic unit of the Ethereum ecosystem, primarily used to pay transaction fees (known as "gas" fees), incentivize network validators, store value, and serve as the base monetary unit for all applications built on the Ethereum network.

An ETH Scanner is a web-based application tool that enables users to query, explore and analyze Ethereum blockchain data, providing visual access to transaction records, smart contract code, account balances, and network activity without running a full node. It functions as an interface between blockchain data and users, offering transparent access to real-time and historical information on the Ethereum network.

An ETH Explorer is a web-based tool designed for the Ethereum blockchain that allows users to query, track, and analyze on-chain data including transactions, smart contracts, address balances, and network activity. Popular examples include Etherscan, Ethplorer, and Blockchair, which function as blockchain data indexing and visualization platforms that enable Ethereum's transparency.

An Ethereum (ETH) Block Explorer is a web-based tool for querying, analyzing, and visualizing Ethereum blockchain data, allowing users to search for blocks, transactions, addresses, smart contracts, and other on-chain activities in real-time. Etherscan is the most prominent Ethereum block explorer, though alternatives like Blockscout and Ethplorer exist, serving as interfaces to access blockchain data and providing transparency and accessibility to the blockchain.

Ethereum address lookup refers to tools and services that allow users to retrieve and examine information associated with specific wallet addresses on the Ethereum blockchain. These tools enable viewing transaction histories, token balances, smart contract interactions, and other on-chain activities for any Ethereum address. Based on blockchain data indexing and parsing, these lookup services represent a core component of blockchain transparency and are typically provided through block explorers.

Edge Computing is a distributed computing architecture that shifts data processing and computational tasks from central servers to network edge devices closer to the data source, primarily used in blockchain to reduce mainnet burden, decrease latency, and enhance overall system scalability.

Ethereum Name Service (ENS) is a distributed naming system built on the Ethereum blockchain that converts complex cryptocurrency addresses, content hashes, and metadata into human-readable names (such as "alice.eth"). Comprised of Registry and Resolver components, ENS functions as Web3 identity infrastructure, offering not only domain name resolution but also supporting digital identity representation, decentralized website access, and various other applications.

Encryption is a data security protection technique that converts plaintext information into unreadable ciphertext through algorithms, ensuring information confidentiality during transmission and storage. In blockchain and cryptocurrency domains, encryption technologies primarily fall into symmetric encryption (like AES), asymmetric encryption (such as RSA and elliptic curve algorithms), and hash functions (like SHA-256) that generate unique digital fingerprints.

An Epoch is a fundamental time unit in blockchain networks, representing a specific number of blocks or a predetermined timeframe during which the network performs certain operations or updates. Epoch length and functionality vary across different blockchain systems, typically used for network parameter adjustments, validator rotations, or reward distributions.

Fiat money is legal tender issued by governments or central banks, deriving its value from government credit rather than physical commodities like gold. It possesses legal tender status, requiring mandatory acceptance within its jurisdiction. Examples include the US Dollar, Euro, and Chinese Yuan, which form the foundation of the current global monetary system.

Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) refers to the anxiety investors feel about potentially missing profitable opportunities, which drives them to make irrational investment decisions. In cryptocurrency trading, FOMO typically manifests as investors blindly buying assets after prices have already significantly increased, hoping to share in the market's upward momentum.

Fluctuation, or volatility, refers to the degree and frequency of price movements of cryptocurrencies over a specified period. It serves as a key indicator of market uncertainty, typically quantified as the standard deviation of price changes or percentage swings, reflecting how much an asset's price deviates from its average or expected value. Cryptocurrency markets are characterized by significantly higher volatility compared to traditional financial markets.

Fibonacci Retracement is a technical analysis tool that uses key ratio levels (23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%, and 78.6%) derived from the Fibonacci sequence to identify potential support and resistance areas in cryptocurrency price movements. These levels are calculated by drawing horizontal lines connecting significant market highs and lows, and are used to predict where price corrections might pause and reverse.

Fungibility refers to the property of an asset or commodity where one unit can be completely substituted by another unit of the same type without changing its value or utility. In the blockchain space, fungible tokens are digital assets where each unit is identical, indistinguishable, and interchangeable with any other unit of the same token, such as Bitcoin and most cryptocurrencies.

"Fren" is a popular slang term in the cryptocurrency community, derived from an intentional misspelling of "friend". This term represents the friendly connections between crypto enthusiasts and a sense of community belonging, commonly used on online platforms to express shared interests and support.

Fear, Uncertainty, and Doubt (FUD) refers to a strategy of spreading negative, misleading, or exaggerated information to create market panic in the cryptocurrency space. This market manipulation tactic aims to influence investor sentiment and provoke irrational decision-making, such as panic selling. FUD typically emerges from three main sources: external regulatory threats, strategic attacks from competing projects, and market volatility generated by large holders seeking to accumulate at lower prices.

Fiat currency is a government-issued money declared as legal tender, deriving its value from the issuing government's creditworthiness rather than being backed by physical commodities like gold. As the predominant form of money in the modern global financial system, fiat currencies are managed by central banks or monetary authorities and carry the force of law for circulation and debt settlement.

Fiat currency refers to money issued and recognized by a nation or government, whose value is not directly backed by physical assets like gold or silver, but rather by government credit and legal provisions. Common fiat currencies include the US dollar, euro, and yuan, which are issued and managed by central banks and maintain value stability through monetary policy regulation.

Fungibility is a property of an asset or token where each unit is identical in value and functionality, making them mutually interchangeable regardless of their history or ownership record. In cryptocurrency, fungibility ensures that each token unit holds the same value as any other unit of the same type, representing a fundamental characteristic necessary for effective currency.

Finality refers to the state where blockchain transactions become irreversible, unable to be revoked or modified. It can be categorized into probabilistic finality (as in Proof of Work networks) and deterministic finality (as in Proof of Stake systems). This characteristic provides deterministic guarantees for blockchain systems to function as trustworthy record systems and serves as a key metric for evaluating blockchain reliability.

Fiat currency refers to a form of money that has no intrinsic value and is established as legal tender by government decree, deriving its value primarily from the trust users place in the issuing institution (typically a central bank) and the backing of government legal enforcement. Unlike commodity money, fiat currency is not backed by any physical asset but is purely based on the credit and economic strength of the issuing country.

GMFU (Good Morning F*ck U) is a morning greeting ritual and social interaction format popular within cryptocurrency trading communities, originating on Twitter in early 2023. This phrase embodies traders' humorous attitude toward market volatility and community identity, typically posted on social media at market open or upon waking, and has evolved into a characteristic expression of cryptocurrency subculture.

"GM" (Good Morning) is a greeting widely used in cryptocurrency and NFT communities that has evolved from a simple abbreviation to a cultural identifier in the Web3 space, signifying community belonging and positive sentiment, used regardless of the actual time of day.

GigaChad is a memecoin created based on the popular internet muscular male meme image, categorized as a community-driven crypto asset. This type of token typically lacks utility functions and instead relies on social media propagation, community effects, and internet cultural symbolic value to gain market attention and trading momentum.

The GDP Deflator is an economic indicator that measures the overall price changes of all final goods and services in an economy. Calculated as the ratio between nominal GDP (current prices) and real GDP (fixed prices), it reflects the general price level changes across the entire economy during a specific period, serving as a comprehensive measure of inflation.

Hash is a cryptographic function that converts data of arbitrary size into a fixed-length string, known as a hash value or digital fingerprint. Hash functions possess three key properties: one-way function (irreversibility), deterministic output (same input always produces identical output), and avalanche effect (small input changes cause significantly different outputs). Common hash algorithms in blockchain include SHA-256 used by Bitcoin and Keccak-256 used by Ethereum.

HODL is a popular term in the cryptocurrency community that originated from a misspelling of "Hold" in a 2013 forum post, which has evolved to represent an investment strategy and philosophy of maintaining ownership of crypto assets for extended periods regardless of market volatility, reflecting a belief in the long-term value of cryptocurrencies.

Hedging is a risk management strategy that involves taking offsetting positions to mitigate the risk of potential losses. In cryptocurrency markets, hedging typically utilizes derivatives such as futures and options, or correlated but inversely moving assets, to protect portfolio value against market volatility while maintaining exposure to specific assets.

Halving is a predetermined mechanism in Bitcoin and certain cryptocurrency networks where the reward miners receive for validating blocks is cut in half upon reaching specific blockchain heights. In Bitcoin, halving occurs every 210,000 blocks (approximately four years), ensuring the total supply will never exceed 21 million coins—a fundamental design feature creating digital scarcity.

Hyperautomation is a strategic approach that achieves end-to-end business process automation by integrating multiple advanced technologies including artificial intelligence, machine learning, robotic process automation, and intelligent business process management, originally applied to blockchain and cryptocurrency domains, capable of automating operations from simple transactions to complex decentralized finance applications.

Hal Finney (1956-2014) was a cryptography pioneer, early Bitcoin contributor, and recipient of the first Bitcoin transaction. As a senior developer at PGP Corporation and member of the Cypherpunk movement, he developed the Reusable Proof of Work system that laid groundwork for Bitcoin's core technology and participated in the early operation and testing of the Bitcoin network in 2009.

Impermanent Loss refers to the potential loss faced by liquidity providers in Automated Market Maker (AMM) protocols when the price ratio of deposited assets changes compared to the time of deposit. It represents the difference in value between providing liquidity to an AMM pool versus simply holding those same assets. This phenomenon is called "impermanent" because the loss only becomes realized when assets are withdrawn from the liquidity pool, and could potentially reverse if prices return to their origi

IBIT ETF Price refers to the market value of the iShares Bitcoin Trust exchange-traded fund issued by BlackRock, the world's largest asset manager. This ETF directly tracks the spot price of Bitcoin, allowing investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin through traditional securities exchanges using regular brokerage accounts without directly holding cryptocurrency or managing wallet private keys.

The iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) is a spot Bitcoin exchange-traded fund launched by BlackRock, the world's largest asset management company, which began trading on Nasdaq in January 2024. It holds Bitcoin directly as its underlying asset, enabling investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin price movements through traditional securities accounts, representing a significant milestone for institutional-grade cryptocurrency investment vehicles.

IBIT is the ticker symbol for the iShares Bitcoin Trust, a spot Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF) launched by BlackRock, the world's largest asset management company, and traded on the Nasdaq exchange. As a financial product, it allows investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin prices without directly holding the cryptocurrency.

Immutability is a core characteristic of blockchain technology that refers to the inability to alter or delete data once it has been confirmed and added to the blockchain. This feature is implemented through a combination of cryptographic hash functions, consensus mechanisms, and distributed ledger technology, ensuring data integrity and trustworthiness. In blockchain systems like Bitcoin, immutability serves as the fundamental mechanism for solving the double-spending problem and establishing decentralized

IOUs (I Owe You) are digital debt certificates on blockchain that represent a borrower's promise of value to a creditor, typically implemented as smart contracts that record debt relationships, repayment terms, and conditions. These tokenized debt instruments are widely used in decentralized finance (DeFi) lending protocols and can be traded as standalone assets on secondary markets.

IPO (Initial Public Offering) refers to the process by which a privately held company issues shares to the public for the first time, becoming a publicly traded entity. In the cryptocurrency space, the IPO concept has evolved to include various forms such as traditional stock exchange listings (like Coinbase), Security Token Offerings (STOs), and Initial Exchange Offerings (IEOs), representing a significant milestone for blockchain projects in terms of fundraising and market maturity.

IBIT (iShares Bitcoin Trust) Price refers to the trading value of BlackRock's spot Bitcoin ETF in the secondary market, which allows investors to gain Bitcoin exposure through traditional brokerage accounts without directly holding the cryptocurrency. While closely tracking spot Bitcoin prices, IBIT may trade at a premium or discount to its net asset value.

The iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) is an exchange-traded fund (ETF) that directly tracks the spot price of Bitcoin, managed by BlackRock and listed on the Nasdaq exchange. It allows investors to gain indirect exposure to Bitcoin by purchasing ETF shares without dealing with technical aspects like managing cryptocurrency wallets or securing private keys. The fund holds physical Bitcoin as its underlying asset, custodied by Coinbase Custody, and charges a 0.25% annual management fee.

IBIT stock refers to the trading shares of the iShares Bitcoin Trust ETF issued by BlackRock, with the trading symbol "IBIT". It is a Bitcoin-based financial product that allows investors to track Bitcoin prices without directly holding the cryptocurrency, tradable through standard stock market platforms and subject to traditional securities trading rules and regulatory frameworks.

IBIT stock price is the per-share price of the iShares Bitcoin Trust (ticker symbol: IBIT) on the public trading market. This ETF aims to track the price performance of Bitcoin, with its price influenced by market supply and demand dynamics, fund management fees, and fluctuations in the price of the underlying asset (Bitcoin), providing investors with a financial instrument to indirectly invest in Bitcoin through traditional securities markets.

Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company or organization that provides internet access, data transmission, and related services to individuals and businesses by establishing and maintaining the network infrastructure connecting end users to the global internet. ISPs are typically categorized into three main types: access ISPs, transit ISPs, and content ISPs.

Immutability is a fundamental property of blockchain technology that prevents data from being altered or deleted once it has been recorded and received sufficient confirmations. Implemented through cryptographic hash functions linked in chains and consensus mechanisms, immutability ensures transaction history integrity and verifiability, providing a trustless foundation for decentralized systems.

IBIT ETF (iShares Bitcoin Trust ETF) is a spot Bitcoin exchange-traded fund launched by BlackRock, the world's largest asset manager, approved by the SEC in January 2024, allowing investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin prices through traditional brokerage accounts without directly holding or managing the cryptocurrency.

The iShares Bitcoin Trust (IBIT) is a spot Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF) launched by BlackRock, the world's largest asset management company, approved by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in January 2024. This investment vehicle allows investors to gain exposure to Bitcoin through conventional securities accounts without directly purchasing or managing cryptocurrency, serving as a significant investment tool for institutional entry into the Bitcoin market.

Initial DEX Offering (IDO) is a fundraising model for blockchain projects that involves issuing tokens directly to the public through decentralized exchange (DEX) platforms without centralized intermediaries. IDOs operate via smart contracts and liquidity pools, ensuring immediate token tradability post-issuance, characterized by high decentralization, instant liquidity, and low-barrier participation.

An IOU (I Owe You) is a digital debt instrument on blockchain that represents a tokenized promise to repay a debt. These blockchain-based debt certificates enable creditor-debtor relationships to function without traditional financial intermediaries, operating through smart contracts in the DeFi (Decentralized Finance) ecosystem. IOUs provide alternative liquidity mechanisms for cryptocurrency holders through automated execution and settlement of debt obligations.

Immutability is a fundamental property of blockchain technology where data, once recorded on the blockchain, cannot be altered or deleted. Implemented through cryptographic hash functions and distributed consensus mechanisms, this characteristic ensures data integrity and trustworthiness across the network. Immutability can be categorized as physical (tamper-resistance at the technical level) or logical (constraints at the consensus rule level).

LARPing (Live Action Role-Playing) in cryptocurrency refers to the act of individuals or entities pretending to possess expertise or successful experience to gain community trust or influence investment decisions. This term, borrowed from gaming culture, specifically describes participants who build false personas with unverifiable success stories and industry jargon to enhance their credibility and attract followers in the digital asset space.

Leverage refers to the practice where traders borrow funds to increase the size of their trading positions, controlling assets of greater value with smaller capital. In cryptocurrency trading, leverage is typically expressed as a ratio (such as 3x, 5x, 20x, etc.), indicating the multiple of the original investment that a trader can control in assets. For example, using 10x leverage means an investor can control assets worth $10,000 with just $1,000.

LFG is an acronym for "Let's F*cking Go," representing extreme bullish sentiment and a call to action in the cryptocurrency community. It's typically used when investors are strongly optimistic about a token or the overall market, expressing eagerness for price appreciation. This term serves both as an emotional expression and as a symbol of community identity, commonly used around positive market news or significant price rallies.

LARP (Live Action Role Play) in cryptocurrency refers to the practice of pretending to possess certain identities, expertise, or investment experience, typically manifested as claims of unique market insights or successful trading history without substantial evidence. This role-playing phenomenon spreads within crypto communities primarily through identity fabrication, knowledge exaggeration, experience fiction, and illusion of influence.

LARPing (Live Action Role-Playing) in cryptocurrency refers to individuals pretending to possess certain identities, expertise, or influence they don't actually have. Common in crypto communities due to their decentralized and anonymous nature, LARPing manifests as users posing as successful traders, project advisors, or technical experts on social media, characterized by excessive use of industry jargon, unverifiable claims of exceptional success, and fabricated associations with prominent figures to gain

Larpers are participants in cryptocurrency and blockchain communities who pretend to have certain identities, expertise, or achievements. Derived from LARP (Live Action Role Play), the term specifically refers to individuals who exaggerate their abilities, accomplishments, or influence to gain attention or benefits within the crypto space.

LTV (Loan-to-Value) ratio is a metric that measures the proportion of a loan amount relative to the value of collateral, expressed as a percentage calculated by dividing the borrowed amount by the collateral value and multiplying by 100%. In cryptocurrency lending markets, LTV serves as a core risk management parameter that determines how much a borrower can borrow against their collateral value, while also establishing the threshold conditions for liquidation events.

A blockchain ledger is a distributed database system that records and validates all network transactions with immutable, transparent, and decentralized characteristics. Based on access permissions, it can be classified into three main types: public, private, and consortium ledgers. As a core component of blockchain technology, it ensures transaction record security and integrity through cryptographic methods and consensus mechanisms.

LARP (Live Action Role Playing) in the cryptocurrency community refers to individuals who pretend to possess deep expertise, extensive experience, or significant industry connections, spreading unverified cryptocurrency information and analysis on social media while actually lacking genuine professional qualifications.

A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) is a non-binding agreement document used in the blockchain and cryptocurrency industry that records cooperative intentions between parties rather than legal commitments. As an abbreviation for "Memorandum of Understanding," it provides a formal framework for potential partners to express mutual objectives, typically serving as a preliminary step before formal contracts or specific business collaborations.

Mempool (Memory Pool) is a temporary data structure in blockchain networks that stores pending transactions awaiting confirmation, serving as an intermediate staging area for transactions from the time they are broadcast until they are included in a block and confirmed. Each blockchain node typically maintains its own local mempool, storing transactions that have passed preliminary validation but haven't yet been included in a block by miners.

Minimum Viable Product (MVP) refers to a version of a product with just enough core features to satisfy early adopters, containing the basic functionalities that solve key pain points for the target users while omitting secondary features. In blockchain projects, an MVP typically manifests as an early version of a protocol, platform, or application with fundamental functionalities, aimed at validating the core value proposition and gathering user feedback to guide subsequent development iterations.

Market Cap (Market Capitalization) is a metric that measures the total economic scale of a cryptocurrency, calculated as: current token price × circulating supply. It reflects the market's overall valuation of the crypto asset and serves as the primary basis for project ranking and classification (large-cap, mid-cap, small-cap).

Miners are participants in blockchain networks who validate transactions and add them to the blockchain by solving complex cryptographic puzzles, earning the right to create new blocks and receive rewards, primarily functioning within Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanism blockchains.

Mean Block refers to the average time interval between block generation or the statistical average of block characteristics in a blockchain network, serving as a key parameter for measuring network performance, stability, and security. Different blockchain networks set various target block times (such as approximately 10 minutes for Bitcoin, 15 seconds for Ethereum) and maintain this parameter through difficulty adjustment mechanisms to balance transaction processing speed and network security.

Mimetic behavior is a market psychology phenomenon where investors make decisions based on social cues and others' actions rather than independent analysis, originating from René Girard's mimetic theory. In cryptocurrency markets, it manifests as investors following prominent figures or crowd sentiment, typically resulting in investment waves, price bubbles, and herd mentality.

Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) refers to the additional profit that blockchain validators or miners can extract by manipulating transaction ordering, inclusion, or exclusion within blocks. Originally known as Miner Extractable Value, the term evolved to Maximal Extractable Value following Ethereum's transition to proof-of-stake, representing the ability of block producers to extract value from users' transactions through their privileged position in the network.

Market capitalization indicators are fundamental valuation metrics that measure the economic size of cryptocurrencies by multiplying the circulating supply by the current market price. As a core reference standard for crypto asset valuation, market cap is categorized into total market capitalization (the entire crypto market size) and individual project market capitalization, serving as the primary data indicator for investors to assess relative project scale and market position.

The MetaMask Extension Gateway is a browser extension wallet that serves as an interface between users and Ethereum or EVM-compatible blockchain networks, allowing users to store crypto assets, sign transactions, and interact with decentralized applications (DApps) without leaving their browser.

"Mooning" is a cryptocurrency market phenomenon describing digital asset prices skyrocketing in a short period, derived from the expression "to the moon". It's characterized by exponential price growth, surge in trading volumes, increased social media attention, and an influx of new investors, typically triggered by fundamental changes, institutional investments, regulatory news, or shifts in market sentiment.

MetaMask Extension Secure Crypto refers to the security mechanisms implemented in the MetaMask wallet browser extension, which protects users' digital assets through multi-layered security measures including local encrypted storage of private keys, transaction signature verification, and anti-phishing protections, enabling users to safely manage cryptocurrencies and interact with Ethereum blockchain and other compatible networks.

Mimetic behavior refers to the social psychological phenomenon where people tend to copy the behavioral patterns or decision-making processes of others. In cryptocurrency markets, it manifests as investors following market sentiment, opinion leaders, or crowd behavior rather than making judgments based on independent analysis. This psychological mechanism stems from social conformity effects and is amplified by information asymmetry and high uncertainty in digital asset markets.

Mining a block is a critical process in blockchain networks where miners create and validate new blocks by solving complex cryptographic puzzles, with successful miners receiving block rewards and transaction fees as compensation. This mechanism simultaneously enables decentralized coin issuance and transaction verification, serving as the core security foundation for Proof of Work (PoW) blockchain systems.

Multiexperience is a design approach that integrates multiple digital interfaces, interaction modalities, and devices to provide seamless, coherent user experiences. In blockchain and cryptocurrency contexts, it combines various interaction modes such as touch, voice, vision, and augmented reality to make complex distributed technologies more accessible and usable while maintaining consistent security standards and functional integrity across all touchpoints.

Nasdaq: IBIT is a bitcoin spot exchange-traded fund (ETF) issued by BlackRock that began trading on the Nasdaq stock exchange on January 11, 2024, becoming one of the first bitcoin spot ETFs approved by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The fund holds physical bitcoin assets, allowing investors to gain exposure to bitcoin prices within a traditional financial framework without directly purchasing and storing cryptocurrency.

NFT (Non-Fungible Token) is a unique digital asset based on blockchain technology, characterized by its indivisible and irreplaceable nature, with each NFT possessing a unique identification code and metadata. They are typically created following standards like Ethereum's ERC-721 or ERC-1155, capable of definitively proving ownership, authenticity, and scarcity of digital content.

A node is a fundamental unit of a blockchain network, referring to any computer or device that connects to the blockchain network and performs specific functions. As core components of a distributed system, nodes are responsible for storing blockchain data copies, validating transactions, and communicating with other nodes through network protocols to collectively maintain the network's security and consistency. Based on functionality, nodes are primarily categorized as full nodes, light nodes, miner nodes,

NGMI (Not Gonna Make It) is a slang acronym widely used in cryptocurrency communities to label individuals perceived to be making poor investment decisions or lacking the necessary mindset to succeed in crypto markets. This term functions as an exclusionary judgment that contrasts with WAGMI (We're All Gonna Make It), reflecting the binary thinking and unique social dynamics within crypto culture.

A node is a computing device that runs blockchain software and participates in network operations by storing blockchain data, validating transactions and blocks, participating in consensus mechanisms, and maintaining the network. Nodes can be classified into various types based on their functions and permissions, including full nodes, light nodes, mining nodes (in proof-of-work networks), or validator nodes (in proof-of-stake networks).

Nick Szabo is a computer scientist, cryptographer, and legal scholar recognized as the inventor of smart contracts. He first proposed the concept of smart contracts in 1996 and designed Bit Gold in 1998, a decentralized digital currency system considered a significant precursor to Bitcoin. As a prominent member of the cypherpunk movement, Szabo's interdisciplinary work combining cryptography, economics, and legal theory established the theoretical foundations for modern blockchain technology.

Operation Codes (Opcodes) are instruction codes used in blockchain smart contracts and virtual machines to specify particular operations, similar to machine language instructions in traditional computer architecture. In platforms like Ethereum, they form executable bytecode for virtual machines, with each opcode corresponding to specific functions such as arithmetic operations, storage manipulations, or control flow directives.

OFAC (Office of Foreign Assets Control) compliance refers to the process of adhering to economic sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control within the cryptocurrency ecosystem. OFAC maintains the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons (SDN) list based on U.S. foreign policy and national security objectives, prohibiting all U.S. persons and businesses from transacting with listed countries, entities, or individuals, including transactions conducted

An order book is an electronic record-keeping system used by cryptocurrency exchanges that displays all pending buy (bid) and sell (ask) orders with their respective prices and quantities in real-time, reflecting market depth and liquidity. It presents market supply and demand through price levels, with the spread between bid and ask prices serving as a key liquidity indicator.

OCO (One Cancels the Other) is an advanced trading order type that allows traders to place two conditional orders simultaneously, where the execution of one automatically cancels the other. This order typically combines a Take Profit and a Stop Loss order, providing bidirectional risk management capability without requiring constant market monitoring.

OpenSea is the world's largest non-fungible token (NFT) marketplace, established in 2017, primarily built on the Ethereum blockchain while supporting multiple networks including Polygon and Solana. As a decentralized application (dApp), it enables users to create, buy, sell, and discover various NFT assets such as digital art, collectibles, and gaming items.

Multi-Level Marketing (MLM) is a business model where participants earn commissions from both direct sales and the recruitment of others, generating returns from the sales activities of their downlines. In cryptocurrency, this structure typically manifests as a pyramid-like network of participants where each level receives rewards from activities of levels below them, often employed in token distribution and marketing strategies.

Oracles are infrastructure components in blockchain systems that connect on-chain smart contracts with off-chain data by fetching, verifying, and delivering external world information to blockchain networks, enabling smart contracts to respond to off-chain events and execute corresponding operations. Oracles can be classified as centralized or decentralized based on their architecture, serving as critical components that enable DeFi and other blockchain applications to interact with the external world.

Proof of History (PoH) is a Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) designed by Solana's founder that creates a cryptographic clock through sequential hash computations, providing verifiable timestamps for blockchain events. While not a standalone consensus protocol, PoH typically works alongside Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanisms to enhance transaction processing efficiency.

P2P (Peer-to-Peer) refers to a cryptocurrency trading model where users directly exchange digital assets with each other without a centralized platform handling the actual transfer of funds or assets. This trading method allows buyers and sellers to directly negotiate terms while the platform only provides matching, escrow, and dispute resolution services, embodying blockchain's decentralization principle.

Profit and Loss (P&L) is a metric that measures a trader's or investor's financial performance over a specific period, calculating the total gains or losses from cryptocurrency transactions. It consists of two types: realized P&L (completed trades) and unrealized P&L (the difference between current value and cost of held assets), serving as a key indicator for evaluating trading strategy effectiveness and risk management capabilities.

A payee is the party that receives cryptocurrencies, tokens, or other digital assets in blockchain transactions. In blockchain systems, payees receive funds through unique public key addresses (wallet addresses) and can be individual users, smart contracts, decentralized applications (DApps), or any entity with a valid blockchain address.

A payee is an individual, business, or entity that receives payment in a cryptocurrency transaction, typically identified through a unique cryptographic wallet address, public key, or other digital identifier. In blockchain environments, payees can maintain anonymity or pseudonymity, and transactions are generally irreversible once confirmed.

PH/s (Petahashes Per Second) is a unit of measurement for cryptocurrency mining power, representing the number of hash calculations that can be performed per second, where 1 PH/s equals 10^15 hash calculations per second. It is the standard unit for measuring hashrate in Bitcoin and other PoW networks, quantifying the computational power of individual mining rigs, mining pools, or the entire network.

PancakeSwap is a decentralized exchange (DEX) and automated market maker (AMM) platform operating on Binance Smart Chain (BSC), specialized in BEP-20 token swaps, utilizing CAKE as its native token and offering liquidity mining, yield farming, and governance capabilities.

Passive income in cryptocurrency refers to earnings generated without active trading or labor from investors, primarily achieved through mechanisms such as staking, lending, liquidity mining, and node operations, allowing digital assets to continuously generate returns.

A platform is a system environment providing foundational technical infrastructure and service support for the operation and development of applications or services. In the blockchain domain, platforms specifically refer to underlying protocol systems that support smart contract deployment, decentralized application (DApp) development, and digital asset interaction, such as Ethereum, Polkadot, and Solana blockchain networks.

Protocolled Definition refers to the practice in blockchain and cryptocurrency domains of defining behavior rules and standards for digital assets, smart contracts, or blockchain systems through pre-established explicit protocols. This approach transforms rules traditionally enforced by centralized institutions into programmable logic that executes automatically in decentralized networks, operating on consensus algorithms and cryptographic principles to ensure network participants follow transparent and imm

Pseudonymity refers to the use of public keys or wallet addresses as identity identifiers in blockchain networks, allowing users to participate in transactions and network activities without revealing their real-world identities. Based on public-key cryptography, this mechanism creates digital personas that are recognizable yet not directly linked to real-world identities, striking a balance between transparency and privacy protection.

Profit and Loss (P&L or PNL) refers to the financial performance measurement of a trader's or investor's positions in the market, typically categorized as realized P&L (actual gains or losses from completed trades) and unrealized P&L (the difference between current market value and purchase cost of held positions). It serves as a critical financial metric for evaluating trading performance, reflecting the overall results of a portfolio or individual transaction.

Physical Bitcoin refers to tangible storage mediums for Bitcoin, typically crafted from metals like copper, silver, or gold, containing embedded or attached Bitcoin private keys, serving both as physical representations of cryptocurrency and collectible items with numismatic value.

A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment model that pays returns to existing investors using capital contributed by new investors rather than from profit generated by legitimate business operations. Named after Charles Ponzi who popularized this fraud in the 1920s, these schemes are particularly prevalent in cryptocurrency markets, characterized by promises of unrealistically high returns, lack of operational transparency, and typically featuring multi-level referral reward structures.

P&L (Profit and Loss) refers to the sum of financial outcomes from a trader's investment activities over a specific period, encompassing both realized gains (closed trades) and unrealized gains (open positions). As a core performance metric, it incorporates factors like entry/exit prices, trading fees, funding rates, and leverage costs, reflecting the effectiveness of trading strategies and risk management capabilities.

A protocol is a standardized set of rules that defines how participants interact within a blockchain network, encompassing consensus mechanisms, data transmission standards, transaction validation, and incentive structures. Protocols can be categorized into base-layer consensus protocols, application-layer protocols, and cross-chain communication protocols, forming the foundational infrastructure of decentralized systems.

Proof of Burn (PoB) is a blockchain consensus mechanism where participants destroy cryptocurrency by sending it to unspendable addresses to gain mining rights or other network privileges. This mechanism simulates virtual mining, requiring participants to burn tokens as a demonstration of commitment to the network, designed as an energy-efficient alternative to Proof of Work while maintaining decentralized security properties.

Profit and Loss (P&L) refers to the financial outcome of a trader's or investor's cryptocurrency trading activities, encompassing both realized P&L (gains or losses from completed transactions) and unrealized P&L (changes in position value not yet crystallized through trading). This metric directly reflects the effectiveness of trading strategies and portfolio performance.

A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation where returns for existing investors are generated from new investor capital rather than from legitimate business operations or profits. Named after Charles Ponzi in the early 20th century, these schemes are particularly prevalent in blockchain and cryptocurrency environments, often disguised as innovative projects, high-yield mining operations, or complex DeFi protocols.

Pump and dump is a market manipulation strategy where manipulators artificially inflate an asset's price (the "pump" phase) before quickly selling their holdings at the elevated price (the "dump" phase), securing profits while leaving other investors with devalued assets. This manipulation tactic is particularly prevalent in less regulated cryptocurrency markets, especially targeting small-cap tokens with limited liquidity.

Quantitative Easing (QE) is an unconventional monetary policy tool implemented by central banks that involves large-scale purchases of financial assets (such as government bonds) to increase money supply and inject liquidity into the financial system, typically employed when traditional monetary policy tools have limited effectiveness, aimed at stimulating economic growth and preventing deflation.

Quoted currency is the currency used to express the price of another asset in a trading pair, serving as a benchmark for measuring value. In cryptocurrency markets, trading pairs are typically formatted as "base currency/quoted currency" (such as BTC/USDT, where USDT is the quoted currency). Common quoted currencies include fiat-pegged stablecoins (USDT, USDC, etc.) and major cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (BTC), which establish the standard of value for assets in trading pairs.

Real World Assets (RWA) refers to a category of blockchain-based tokens that represent tangible and intangible assets from traditional financial systems (such as real estate, bonds, art, etc.) that have been tokenized and integrated into the cryptocurrency ecosystem. RWAs bridge the physical economy with blockchain technology by creating tradable, fractionable, and programmable digital representations of assets with inherent value.

r/wallstreetbets (abbreviated as WSB) is a financial community on Reddit dedicated to high-risk investment strategies, options trading, and stock market speculation. Known for its distinctive internet subculture, meme-based communication, and anti-establishment investing attitudes, it gained global prominence during the 2021 GameStop short squeeze when its members collectively challenged Wall Street hedge funds.

Recency bias is a cognitive bias where individuals place disproportionate importance on recent events when making decisions while discounting longer-term historical data. In trading and investment contexts, this psychological phenomenon leads investors to make potentially irrational judgments based on short-term market performance, typically manifesting as excessive optimism about recent uptrends or undue pessimism about recent downturns.

Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is a network communication protocol that enables a computer program to call functions on another computer without requiring developers to code network communication details. In blockchain, RPC interfaces serve as standardized methods for applications (such as wallets and DApps) to communicate with blockchain nodes, typically implemented over HTTP or WebSocket protocols using data exchange formats like JSON-RPC or gRPC.

r/wallstreetbets is a prominent financial discussion forum on Reddit, established in 2012, that focuses on high-risk stock trading strategies and speculative investments. The community is known for its distinctive internet culture, meme-based investment approach, and use of unconventional trading methods, reaching peak influence during the 2021 GameStop stock event, which demonstrated how social media-coordinated retail investors could significantly impact financial markets.

The Relative Strength Index (RSI) is a momentum oscillator used in technical analysis that measures the speed and magnitude of price movements on a scale from 0 to 100, with readings above 70 typically considered overbought and below 30 considered oversold, potentially signaling market reversal points.

Risk hedging is a financial strategy where investors reduce or eliminate investment risks from price volatility by taking opposite positions or using derivative instruments. In cryptocurrency markets, common hedging methods include futures contracts, options trading, and portfolio diversification, designed to protect investment value against adverse market movements.

Roger Ver is an early investor and advocate in the cryptocurrency space, nicknamed "Bitcoin Jesus" for his zealous promotion of Bitcoin in its formative years. Starting his Bitcoin investments in 2011, Ver became one of the first entrepreneurs to commit significant wealth to cryptocurrencies and later emerged as a major proponent of Bitcoin Cash following the 2017 Bitcoin scaling debate.

RSA encryption is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm based on the computational difficulty of factoring large integers, invented in 1977 by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman to solve the key distribution problem. RSA employs a mechanism where data encrypted with a public key can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key, creating key pairs usable for both data encryption and digital signatures, making it one of the most widely deployed public key cryptosystems today.

Recursion is an algorithmic design technique where a function or process calls itself to solve problems. In blockchain technology, recursion is applied to smart contract execution, data structure operations, and consensus mechanisms by decomposing complex problems into similar but smaller sub-problems until reaching basic cases that can be solved directly.

RSA is a widely-used asymmetric encryption algorithm developed in 1977 by cryptographers Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large integers. It employs a public-private key pair system where the public key is used for encryption and the private key for decryption, providing a fundamental security foundation for internet communications.

Real World Assets (RWAs) refer to the process and products of tokenizing or digitizing tangible and intangible assets from the traditional financial world (such as bonds, real estate, artwork, commodities) using blockchain technology, enabling these potentially illiquid or difficult-to-access assets to be fractionalized, traded, and transferred within cryptocurrency ecosystems.

Return on Investment (ROI) is a financial metric that measures investment efficiency by calculating (Current Value - Initial Investment)/Initial Investment × 100%, evaluating the relationship between profit generated and investment cost. In cryptocurrency markets, ROI serves as a key indicator for assessing digital asset profitability across different timeframes: short-term, medium-term, and long-term.

Rugging, or "rug pull", is a fraudulent practice in cryptocurrency where project founders or developers abruptly sell their token holdings and withdraw liquidity after raising investor funds, causing token values to collapse and resulting in significant investor losses. This deceptive scheme typically occurs in emerging token projects on decentralized exchanges that lack code audits and team transparency.

A Rug Pull is a cryptocurrency scam where project developers suddenly withdraw liquidity or abandon the project after collecting investor funds, causing token value to crash to near-zero. This type of fraud typically occurs on decentralized exchanges (DEXs), especially those using automated market maker (AMM) protocols, with perpetrators disappearing after successfully extracting funds.

A replay attack is a form of blockchain security threat where an attacker intercepts a valid transaction from one blockchain and rebroadcasts it on another related blockchain (typically after a fork), exploiting the shared signature verification mechanisms between the chains to cause double-spending or unauthorized transfers of user assets.

Solidity is a statically-typed programming language designed specifically for developing smart contracts that run on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). It incorporates syntax elements from JavaScript, C++, and Python, and serves as the predominant language for smart contract development in the Ethereum ecosystem, offering features like inheritance, libraries, and complex data types for creating executable program logic on the blockchain.

Substrate is a modular blockchain development framework created by Parity Technologies that provides a customizable set of components (called "pallets") and a WebAssembly runtime environment, enabling developers to rapidly build specialized blockchains without coding from scratch. As the technical foundation of the Polkadot network, it supports various consensus mechanisms and allows forkless blockchain upgrades.

Shilling refers to the act of aggressively promoting specific cryptocurrencies or tokens through social media, forums, or community channels by individuals or groups, typically characterized by strong marketing elements and lack of substantive analysis, with the purpose of attracting more investors to purchase and drive up asset prices. This promotional behavior can be categorized into official project marketing, endorsements by opinion leaders, and spontaneous promotion by token holders, and may constitute

A shill refers to individuals or groups in the cryptocurrency industry who excessively promote specific projects or tokens for financial gain, typically operating on social media platforms using hyperbolic language and unsubstantiated promises to create artificial market enthusiasm and drive up prices. Key characteristics of shilling include emotionally charged language, lack of substantive analysis, overemphasis on price predictions, creating false urgency, and non-disclosure of financial relationships wit

Standard Money (also known as legal tender or fiat money) is a currency form issued by a nation or central bank and legally enforced as a means of payment within a specific jurisdiction, with its value based on government credit rather than intrinsic commodity value. As a representation of national sovereignty, standard money typically exists in physical forms of banknotes and coins, while gradually evolving toward digitalization.

SAT (Satoshi) is the smallest unit of Bitcoin, named after Bitcoin's creator Satoshi Nakamoto. One Bitcoin equals 100 million satoshis (1 BTC = 100,000,000 sats), allowing for microtransactions even when Bitcoin's price is high.

Sniping is a trading strategy that utilizes automated trading bots or scripts to execute buy orders within milliseconds when a new token first provides liquidity or during specific market events. This strategy relies on technical advantages and rapid execution capabilities, aiming to enter the market ahead of other participants.

Solana Burner is a disposable or temporary wallet solution operating on the Solana blockchain, characterized by its simplified setup process, quick creation capability, and disposable nature designed to enhance transaction privacy and streamline user experience. As a lightweight wallet tool typically existing as a web application, it's suitable for temporary transactions, small payments, or scenarios requiring a certain level of anonymity.

Scalability refers to a blockchain network's ability to process increasing transaction volumes and user numbers while maintaining performance and security. This concept forms a critical corner of the blockchain trilemma (decentralization, security, and scalability), with scaling solutions generally categorized into Layer 1 (on-chain) and Layer 2 (off-chain) approaches.

Spear phishing is a highly targeted form of social engineering attack where perpetrators collect specific information about predetermined targets to craft personalized deceptive content designed to obtain sensitive information or access credentials. Unlike general phishing, it focuses on researched individuals or organizations, leveraging authentic information to establish credibility, and in cryptocurrency contexts, is primarily used to steal private keys, account credentials, and digital assets.

Staking is a mechanism in Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain networks where users lock up cryptocurrency tokens as collateral to participate in transaction validation and network maintenance, earning rewards in return. Staking can be categorized into direct staking, delegated staking, staking pools, and liquid staking, differentiated by participation methods and asset liquidity characteristics.

Slippage refers to the difference between the expected price shown when a crypto trader places an order and the actual execution price of the transaction. It occurs in two forms: positive slippage (better-than-expected price) and negative slippage (worse-than-expected price). This price discrepancy primarily results from insufficient market liquidity and market volatility during order execution, becoming particularly significant in volatile markets, low-liquidity asset trading, or large-volume transactions.

Sharding is a blockchain scaling solution that partitions network processing workload into multiple parallel subnetworks (called shards), each responsible for processing and validating a portion of transactions and state data, thereby increasing overall network throughput while maintaining decentralization and security properties.

Staked ETH tokens are derivative tokens (like stETH) issued by liquid staking protocols, representing ETH deposited into Ethereum's Proof of Stake validators. They allow users to maintain liquidity while participating in network validation, as these tokens can be freely traded and utilized across DeFi applications while still accruing staking rewards from the underlying staked assets.

Stablecoins are cryptocurrencies designed to maintain price stability by pegging their value to fiat currencies (like the US dollar), commodities (such as gold), or other assets. Based on their backing mechanism, stablecoins are primarily categorized as collateralized (fiat-backed or crypto-backed) or algorithmic, each employing different mechanisms to maintain price stability.

Solflare is a non-custodial wallet for the Solana blockchain that enables users to securely store, manage SOL and other SPL tokens, and supports staking, trading, and interaction with decentralized applications. As a native wallet in the Solana ecosystem, it offers cross-platform support including browser extensions, mobile applications, and web interfaces.

Smart contracts are self-executing programs deployed on blockchain networks that automatically enforce agreement terms when predetermined conditions are met without third-party intervention. Serving as fundamental building blocks for decentralized applications (DApps), they implement immutability, transparency, and automated execution of agreements through code. The concept was first proposed by Nick Szabo in 1994 but only gained widespread practical implementation following the launch of the Ethereum block

Slashing refers to a penalty mechanism in Proof of Stake (PoS) blockchain networks where validators have a portion of their staked assets automatically confiscated for protocol violations such as double-signing, malicious attacks, or extended offline periods, designed to ensure network security and incentivize honest behavior through economic disincentives.

A ticker symbol is a short alphabetic identifier used in cryptocurrency and financial markets to represent specific assets, typically consisting of uppercase letters (such as BTC for Bitcoin and ETH for Ethereum). This standardized asset identification system plays a crucial role in trading platforms, market data aggregation, and portfolio tracking, allowing participants to quickly identify and reference specific crypto assets.

Token Economy is an economic model designed around token systems in blockchain networks that uses incentive mechanisms to align participant behavior with network objectives, where digital tokens serve simultaneously as mediums of exchange, governance rights, and ownership certificates.

Turing completeness refers to a computational system's ability to simulate a universal Turing machine, theoretically capable of computing any computable problem. In blockchain, Turing completeness determines the computational capabilities of smart contract platforms, with complete systems (like Ethereum) enabling complex logic execution, while non-complete systems (like Bitcoin) are restricted to predefined simple operations.

Throughput is a performance metric that measures a blockchain network's processing capacity, typically expressed in Transactions Per Second (TPS), reflecting the number of transactions a blockchain system can verify and record within a unit of time, directly affecting the network's utility and scalability.

TRON is a decentralized blockchain platform founded by Justin Sun in 2017, dedicated to building decentralized internet infrastructure using a Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism with TRX as its native cryptocurrency. The platform primarily focuses on content entertainment, aiming to reconstruct content distribution systems through blockchain technology, eliminating intermediaries and allowing creators to profit directly from their work.

The Impossible Triangle (also known as Blockchain Trilemma) refers to the theoretical proposition that blockchain systems cannot simultaneously achieve decentralization, security, and scalability - the three core attributes. This concept was first introduced by Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin, highlighting that blockchain networks must make trade-offs among these three properties during their design process.

A token is a digital asset built on an existing blockchain platform, created through smart contracts to represent specific rights, functions, assets, or values. Tokens can be categorized into various types, including Utility Tokens, Security Tokens, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), and others, each differing in legal nature, use cases, and value representation.

Throughput is a metric that measures a blockchain network's transaction processing capability, typically expressed as Transactions Per Second (TPS). It reflects the processing efficiency and scalability of a blockchain system, influenced by factors such as block size, block generation time, consensus mechanism, and network bandwidth.

LUV is the ticker symbol used by Southwest Airlines on the New York Stock Exchange. This distinctive code originates from the company's initial operations at Dallas Love Field airport, while also symbolizing the airline's corporate values and service philosophy.

A Token Generation Event (TGE) is the process by which a crypto project creates and distributes its native token for the first time, marking the project's transition from the conceptual stage to the operational stage. A TGE is a critical step in launching a project's token economy, encompassing multiple steps, including the initial distribution of tokens to investors, the team, the community, and the public sale.

A tumbler (also known as a mixing service or anonymity tool) is a cryptocurrency privacy service that breaks transaction trails by receiving funds from multiple users, pooling them together, and redistributing equivalent amounts (minus fees) to new addresses at varying intervals. These services exist in both centralized forms (operated by single entities) and decentralized protocols (such as CoinJoin), utilizing various technical approaches including pool mixing, CoinJoin implementations, or zero-knowledge

Tokens are digital assets created on blockchain networks through smart contracts that represent specific value, rights, or functionality. Unlike native cryptocurrencies, tokens are typically built on existing blockchain platforms (such as Ethereum) and can be categorized into various types including utility, security, non-fungible (NFT), and governance tokens, serving as fundamental units for value transfer and rights representation within blockchain ecosystems.

TRC20 is a token standard protocol based on the TRON blockchain that defines rules for token creation, transfer, and management within the TRON network. The protocol includes six core functional interfaces: totalSupply, balanceOf, transfer, transferFrom, approve, and allowance, providing a unified token implementation standard for the TRON ecosystem.

USDT BEP20 is the implementation of Tether's USD-pegged stablecoin on Binance Smart Chain using the BEP20 token standard. This version maintains a 1:1 peg with the US dollar while utilizing BNB for transaction fees, offering users a lower-cost alternative to the Ethereum-based USDT for transfers and interactions with BSC-based decentralized applications.

The Uncertainty Principle is a concept derived from quantum mechanics applied to cryptocurrency market analysis that describes the inherent unpredictability and volatility in markets. It states that in the complex blockchain ecosystem, the interaction of multiple factors (such as market sentiment, regulatory changes, and technological developments) makes it fundamentally impossible to precisely predict cryptocurrency asset price movements and market behavior.

Validators are nodes in a blockchain network responsible for verifying transactions and adding them to the blockchain, particularly in Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanisms, where they earn the right to validate and create new blocks by staking cryptocurrency, replacing the role of miners in Proof of Work (PoW) systems.

Vesting is a mechanism that restricts tokens or crypto assets from being traded or transferred for a specific period, typically implemented during token issuance to ensure long-term commitment from stakeholders and prevent market volatility. It usually includes predetermined unlock schedules that allow tokens to be gradually released into circulation according to specific proportions or timeframes.

Volume refers to the total amount or value of cryptocurrency traded within a specific time frame (such as hourly, daily, or weekly), serving as a key indicator of market activity and liquidity. It is typically expressed in fiat currency value (such as USD) or the quantity of specific cryptocurrencies, reflecting the actual size of completed transactions between buyers and sellers.

Vaporware is a term in the cryptocurrency industry describing projects that are heavily promoted but never actually materialize or deliver on their promised functionality. These projects typically feature elaborate white papers and marketing campaigns while lacking substantial technical progress or viable implementation paths, with some being outright scams designed for fundraising.

Valhalla is a blockchain-based metaverse game project developed by Flare Network, creating a virtual world inspired by Norse mythology with NFT technology enabling true ownership of in-game assets. As a comprehensive metaverse ecosystem, it combines gaming entertainment, digital asset trading, and social interaction features, implementing a play-to-earn mechanism to incentivize user participation.

A nonce (number used once) is a one-time value used in blockchain mining processes, particularly within Proof of Work (PoW) consensus mechanisms, where miners repeatedly try different nonce values until finding one that produces a block hash below the target difficulty threshold. At the transaction level, nonces also function as counters to prevent replay attacks, ensuring each transaction's uniqueness and security.

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are unique digital assets built on blockchain technology, each possessing distinct identification codes and metadata that make them non-interchangeable. NFTs can represent ownership of digital art, music, in-game items, or physical assets, typically following blockchain standards such as ERC-721 or ERC-1155.

A node is an individual computing device within a blockchain network that validates transactions, propagates information, stores blockchain data copies, and participates in consensus mechanisms. Based on their functions and permissions, nodes can be categorized into full nodes, light nodes, mining nodes, validator nodes, and other types. Collectively, these nodes form the infrastructure of blockchain networks, maintaining decentralization and data integrity.

Wrapped Ether (WETH) is an ERC-20 token representation of Ethereum's native currency (ETH). Since ETH as Ethereum's native cryptocurrency doesn't conform to the ERC-20 standard, WETH wraps ETH at a 1:1 ratio through a smart contract, enabling seamless interaction with ERC-20 based DeFi applications and smart contracts.

A basis point (bp) is a precise unit of measurement in finance equal to 0.01% or one-hundredth of a percentage point. In financial and cryptocurrency markets, basis points are primarily used to express small percentage changes in interest rates, yields, fees, and other financial metrics, offering greater precision than simple percentage expressions.

Fiat currency is a government-issued money form with legal tender status that derives its value not from backing by physical commodities like gold, but primarily from the issuing government's creditworthiness and legal decree. Modern fiat currencies (such as the US Dollar, Euro, and Chinese Yuan) function as the foundation of national monetary systems, typically issued and managed by central banks, performing three essential functions: medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.

A payee is an individual, organization, or smart contract that receives funds in a cryptocurrency transaction. In blockchain systems, payees are identified by their public wallet address or payment ID, consisting of alphanumeric characters that serve as the destination for fund transfers. Unlike traditional finance, blockchain payees can remain anonymous or pseudonymous, identified only by their public key addresses rather than personal information.

Web2 refers to the mainstream internet model that emerged in the early 2000s, characterized by a centralized server-client architecture that enables users not only to consume content but also to create and share it, with large technology companies controlling user data and platform rules.

A Black Swan Event refers to an extremely rare, unpredictable occurrence with severe consequences in financial markets, introduced by Nassim Taleb in 2007. These events are characterized by three attributes: they are virtually impossible to forecast, have extreme impact when they occur, and are often rationalized afterward as predictable. In cryptocurrency markets, Black Swan Events include exchange collapses, major regulatory shifts, or critical technical vulnerabilities that can trigger dramatic market fl

LFG has two primary meanings in the cryptocurrency space: 1) as slang, it stands for "Let's F***ing Go," expressing enthusiasm and bullish sentiment toward crypto projects or markets; 2) it represents the "Luna Foundation Guard," a non-profit organization established in early 2022 to support the Terra ecosystem and maintain the UST stablecoin's dollar peg.

A White Swan event refers to a predictable occurrence that has a positive impact on cryptocurrency markets, contrasting with the unpredictable negative "Black Swan events". These include foreseeable positive developments such as technical upgrades, institutional adoption, and supportive regulatory decisions, characterized by predictability, positive influence, and market value enhancement.

GM is an abbreviation for "Good Morning" in the cryptocurrency community that has evolved beyond its literal meaning into a timeless greeting and community identifier within Web3 spaces. This short expression symbolizes optimism toward cryptocurrency markets and serves as a cultural signifier of community membership.

Fiat money (also known as fiat currency) is official currency established by government decree that has value not because it is backed by physical commodities or assets, but rather through government authority and public confidence. Distinguished from commodity-backed currencies like the gold standard, fiat money derives its worth from its status as legal tender and the stability of the issuing government.

Wallstreetbets is a Reddit community founded in 2012, primarily composed of retail investors who share high-risk, leveraged trading strategies and opportunities, using distinctive jargon and meme culture, famous for their "YOLO" (You Only Live Once) trades. The community is often viewed as an anti-establishment financial subculture, with members referring to themselves as "apes" and hedge fund managers as "paper hands".

FOMO stands for Fear Of Missing Out, a psychological state where investors worry about missing profit opportunities, leading them to make impulsive investment decisions without adequate research. This emotion-driven behavior is common in cryptocurrency markets, typically occurring during rapid price appreciation phases, and serves as an important psychological indicator in market cycles.

LARPing (short for Live Action Role-Playing) in the cryptocurrency community refers to the act of pretending to be a specific character or adopting a false identity on social media platforms, such as impersonating successful traders, project founders, or industry experts, typically with deceptive intentions including gaining attention, influencing investment decisions, or establishing false authority.

Wei to ETH conversion is a fundamental unit conversion operation in the Ethereum network, where 1 ETH equals 10^18 Wei. This precise unit conversion mechanism forms the basis for understanding Ethereum transaction costs, smart contract execution, and network economics, providing exact conversion capabilities between the smallest and larger value units.

Alpha in cryptocurrency trading refers to the excess return an investment strategy generates compared to a market benchmark. It measures a trader's ability to outperform the market through information advantages, analytical edge, or by exploiting market inefficiencies. Alpha represents the value created by active management and strategic decision-making, with higher alpha indicating superior investment selection skills that produce returns beyond what would be expected given the level of risk.

LARP, an acronym for "Live Action Role-Playing," has evolved in cryptocurrency communities into a pejorative term for individuals who falsely present their identity, expertise, or achievements, particularly those who pretend to be successful traders or blockchain experts to gain trust or influence.

Crypto mining is the process of using computational power to solve complex mathematical problems in blockchain networks, validating transactions, creating new blocks, and earning cryptocurrency rewards. As a consensus mechanism (typically Proof of Work or PoW), mining both maintains network security and controls the rate of new coin issuance, serving as a core component in the operation of decentralized blockchain networks.

A White Paper is an authoritative technical document published by cryptocurrency and blockchain projects that outlines the technical architecture, functional mechanisms, economic model, and development roadmap. Serving as the project's official specification, it typically covers problem statements, solutions, tokenomics, and technical implementation details, providing foundational information for investors and the community to evaluate the project.

FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out) is a market psychology phenomenon referring to the anxiety investors experience when worried about missing potential profit opportunities, leading to emotional and impulsive investment decisions. This psychological state is particularly prevalent in cryptocurrency markets, typically triggered during rapid price increases, and represents a significant factor contributing to market bubbles and price volatility.

YTD (Year to Date) refers to the cumulative data or performance from January 1st of the current calendar year to the present date. In cryptocurrency markets, YTD performance measures the accumulated price movement of an asset from the beginning of the year to the current point, serving as a standardized timeframe for investment analysis and performance evaluation.